Aquatic Macroinvertebrates - Revision history

Cellsworth at 21:24, 19 September 2019

2019-09-19T21:24:21Z

Cellsworth at 22:23, 6 June 2019

2019-06-06T22:23:20Z

Cellsworth at 14:41, 6 June 2019

2019-06-06T14:41:24Z

Cellsworth at 22:46, 5 June 2019

2019-06-05T22:46:52Z

Cellsworth at 22:46, 5 June 2019

2019-06-05T22:46:00Z

Cellsworth at 22:44, 5 June 2019

2019-06-05T22:44:31Z

Cellsworth at 22:42, 5 June 2019

2019-06-05T22:42:45Z

Cellsworth at 22:26, 5 June 2019

2019-06-05T22:26:13Z

Cellsworth at 22:44, 4 June 2019

2019-06-04T22:44:29Z

Cellsworth at 22:40, 4 June 2019

2019-06-04T22:40:45Z

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 </table>
-[[File:FoodbaseDiversity.jpg|thumb|center|500px|]]
+[[File:IMG_2066.JPG|thumb|center|500px|]]
 <!--

@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 *Rheotanytarsus hamatus
 *Undet. Micropsectra sp.
 ==Blackflies (Simuliidae)==
 [[File:Blackfly.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Blackfly (larvae)]]
 Blackflies are sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks. Most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, although the males feed mainly on nectar. They are usually small, black or gray, with short legs, and antennae. They are a common nuisance for humans, and many U.S. states have programs to suppress the black fly population. Eggs are laid in running water, and the larvae attach themselves to rocks. Breeding success is highly sensitive to water pollution.[2] The larvae use tiny hooks at the ends of their abdomens to hold on to the substrate, using silk holdfasts and threads to move or hold their place. They have foldable fans surrounding their mouths. The fans expand when feeding, catching passing debris (small organic particles, algae, and bacteria). The larva scrapes the fan's catch into its mouth every few seconds. Black flies depend on lotic habitats to bring food to them. They will pupate under water and then emerge in a bubble of air as flying adults. They are often preyed upon by trout during emergence. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fly]
 ==Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)==
@@ Line 140: / Line 138: @@
 *Leptophlebiidae Thraulodes speciosus (Traver 1934)
 *Leptophlebiidae Traverella albertana (McDunnough 1931)
 ==Stoneflies (Plecoptera)==
@@ Line 154: / Line 151: @@
 *Perlodidae Isoperla quinquepunctata (Banks 1902)
 *Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx parvula (Banks 1918)
 ==Caddisflies==
@@ Line 204: / Line 200: @@
 *Uenoidae Neothremma alicia (Dodds and Hisaw 1925)
 *Uenoidae Oligophlebodes sierra (Ross 1944)
 ==Freshwater amphipods, scuds==
@@ Line 210: / Line 205: @@
 [[File:GammarusLacustris.JPG|thumb|right|500px|Gammarus lacustris: an introduced non-native freshwater shrimp (amphipod)]]
 G. lacustris is semi-transparent and lacks a webbed tail. It may be colorless, brown, reddish or bluish in color, depending on the local environment. It has seven abdominal segments, a fused cephalothorax, and two pairs of antennae. Unlike other crustaceans, amphipods lack carapaces and have laterally compressed bodies. The female carries eggs in a brood pouch on its ventral side. G. lacustris in higher elevations were more likely to have fewer but larger eggs than those living at lower elevations. G. lacustris undergoes several molts and juveniles resemble the adult. G. lacustris plays an important role in many of the freshwater ecosystems that it inhabits. It is a detritivore and may also consume algae, mainly diatoms. It is considered an indicator species for the overall health and stability of the ecosystem. As a small aquatic invertebrate G. lacustris is an important food source for many organisms.  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammarus_lacustris]
 ==Clams and Mussels==
-[[Image:Quagga Pic (1).JPG|thumb|right|450px]]
+[[Image:Quagga Pic (1).JPG|thumb|right|400px|Quagga mussel]]
-===fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae)===
+===Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae)===
 Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams. They are native and can be quite abundant, providing food for a variety of animals and producing large accumulations of empty shells. These shells can be quite fragile compared to introduced Asian clams of the family Corbiculidae. [http://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV51250]
 *Triangular peaclam (Pisidium variable) [http://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV51230]
@@ Line 225: / Line 219: @@
 ==Snails==
 ===Physella===
 ===Fossaria obrussa===
 ===New Zealand mudsnails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum)===
+The New Zealand mudsnail is a tiny aquatic snail that inhabits lakes,
 ==Worms==
 ===Lumbricidae===
 ===Lumbriculidae===
 ===Naididae===
-===Tubificidae===
+[[Image:Naidiae.PNG|thumb|right|400px|Naidiae tubificid worms]]
+The Naididae (formerly known as Tubificidae) are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. They are key components of the benthic communities of many freshwater and marine ecosystems. In freshwater aquaria they may be referred to as detritus worms.
 ==Planaria==
 ===Dugesia===
 |}
@@ Line 260: / Line 272: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
 *[[Media:MNA Year1 Final Report Submitted to TWG 180428.pdf| COLORADO RIVER BENTHIC FOODBASE STUDIES IN GLEN AND GRAND CANYONS: YEAR 1 FINAL REPORT Appendix 1A: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera occurring in Grand Canyon (GC) or in the Grand Canyon ecoregion (GCE) detected (D), likely (L), or possibly (P) occurring, their EPA median tolerance score and functional feeding group (FFG; Merritt et al. 2008), elevation range (m), and range of flight dates.]]
 *[https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn Stevens, Lawrence E.; Sublette, James E.; and Shannon, Joseph P. (1998) "Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, II: factors influencing distribution," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 58 : No. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol58/iss2/2]
 |-
@@ Line 268: / Line 286: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
 |}

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ==Midges (Chironomidae)==
-Midges are small, delicate flies, resembling mosquitoes but do not bite. Larvae are usually found in sediments, and can occur in everything ranging from highly polluted conditions to relatively clean water. [https://bugguide.net/node/view/3163] [http://www.chironomidae.net/index.html] The chironomid fauna of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon is depauperate in comparison with other western rivers (e.g., Sublette
+Midges are small, delicate flies, resembling mosquitoes but do not bite. Larvae are usually found in sediments, and can occur in everything ranging from highly polluted conditions to relatively clean water. [https://bugguide.net/node/view/3163] [http://www.chironomidae.net/index.html]
-and Sublette 1979, Wolz and Shiozawa 1995, Spindler 1996).
-Our collections include 38 species in 23 genera and 4 subfamilies. The fauna is dominated by the Orthoeladiinae (23 species), with 5 abundant species: Cricotopus annulator > Cricotopus globistylus > Eukiefferiella claripennis > Orthocladius rivicola > Tvetenia vitracies. The fauna includes 12 Chironominae species, with Chironomtts spp. regularly found in low densities in pool and backwater habitats floored with fine sand or silt, and with Procladius bellus, Paracladius conversus, Chironornus decorus, C. sp. 1, and C. sp. 2 collected only in the ULM segment. [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn]
+The chironomid fauna of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon is depauperate in comparison with other western rivers (e.g., Sublette and Sublette 1979, Wolz and Shiozawa 1995, Spindler 1996). Our collections include 38 species in 23 genera and 4 subfamilies. The fauna is dominated by the Orthoeladiinae (23 species), with 5 abundant species: Cricotopus annulator > Cricotopus globistylus > Eukiefferiella claripennis > Orthocladius rivicola > Tvetenia vitracies. The fauna includes 12 Chironominae species, with Chironomtts spp. regularly found in low densities in pool and backwater habitats floored with fine sand or silt, and with Procladius bellus, Paracladius conversus, Chironornus decorus, C. sp. 1, and C. sp. 2 collected only in the ULM segment. [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn]
 [[File:Midge.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Midge (larvae)]]  [[File:Insect_leaf.png|thumb|right|400px|Midge (adult)]]

@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 ==Freshwater amphipods, scuds==
 ===Gammarus lacustris===
 G. lacustris is semi-transparent and lacks a webbed tail. It may be colorless, brown, reddish or bluish in color, depending on the local environment. It has seven abdominal segments, a fused cephalothorax, and two pairs of antennae. Unlike other crustaceans, amphipods lack carapaces and have laterally compressed bodies. The female carries eggs in a brood pouch on its ventral side. G. lacustris in higher elevations were more likely to have fewer but larger eggs than those living at lower elevations. G. lacustris undergoes several molts and juveniles resemble the adult. G. lacustris plays an important role in many of the freshwater ecosystems that it inhabits. It is a detritivore and may also consume algae, mainly diatoms. It is considered an indicator species for the overall health and stability of the ecosystem. As a small aquatic invertebrate G. lacustris is an important food source for many organisms.  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammarus_lacustris]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:46, 5 June 2019
Line 107:		Line 107:

	==Blackflies (Simuliidae)==		==Blackflies (Simuliidae)==
		+	[[File:Blackfly.jpg\|thumb\|right\|400px\|Blackfly (larvae)]]
	Blackflies are sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks. Most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, although the males feed mainly on nectar. They are usually small, black or gray, with short legs, and antennae. They are a common nuisance for humans, and many U.S. states have programs to suppress the black fly population. Eggs are laid in running water, and the larvae attach themselves to rocks. Breeding success is highly sensitive to water pollution.[2] The larvae use tiny hooks at the ends of their abdomens to hold on to the substrate, using silk holdfasts and threads to move or hold their place. They have foldable fans surrounding their mouths. The fans expand when feeding, catching passing debris (small organic particles, algae, and bacteria). The larva scrapes the fan's catch into its mouth every few seconds. Black flies depend on lotic habitats to bring food to them. They will pupate under water and then emerge in a bubble of air as flying adults. They are often preyed upon by trout during emergence. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fly]		Blackflies are sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks. Most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, although the males feed mainly on nectar. They are usually small, black or gray, with short legs, and antennae. They are a common nuisance for humans, and many U.S. states have programs to suppress the black fly population. Eggs are laid in running water, and the larvae attach themselves to rocks. Breeding success is highly sensitive to water pollution.[2] The larvae use tiny hooks at the ends of their abdomens to hold on to the substrate, using silk holdfasts and threads to move or hold their place. They have foldable fans surrounding their mouths. The fans expand when feeding, catching passing debris (small organic particles, algae, and bacteria). The larva scrapes the fan's catch into its mouth every few seconds. Black flies depend on lotic habitats to bring food to them. They will pupate under water and then emerge in a bubble of air as flying adults. They are often preyed upon by trout during emergence. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fly]
−	~~[[File:Blackfly.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Blackfly (larvae)]]~~

@@ Line 215: / Line 215: @@
 ==Clams and Mussels==
 ===fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae)===
-*Pisidium variable
+Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams. They are native and can be quite abundant, providing food for a variety of animals and producing large accumulations of empty shells. These shells can be quite fragile compared to introduced Asian clams of the family Corbiculidae. [http://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV51250]
-*P. walkeri
+*Triangular peaclam (Pisidium variable) [http://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV51230]
-===Quagga mussel===
+*Walker peaclam (Pisidium walkeri) [http://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV51250]
+===Quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis)===
 ==Snails==

@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ==Midges (Chironomidae)==
 Midges are small, delicate flies, resembling mosquitoes but do not bite. Larvae are usually found in sediments, and can occur in everything ranging from highly polluted conditions to relatively clean water. [https://bugguide.net/node/view/3163] [http://www.chironomidae.net/index.html] The chironomid fauna of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon is depauperate in comparison with other western rivers (e.g., Sublette
-and Sublette 1979, Wolz and Shiozawa 1995, Spindler 1996). Our collections include 38 species in 23 genera and 4 subfamilies. The fauna is dominated by the Orthoeladiinae (23 species), with 5 abundant species: Cricotopus annulator > Cricotopus globistylus > Eukiefferiella claripennis > Orthocladius rivicola > Tvetenia vitracies. The fauna includes 12 Chironominae species, with Chironomtts spp. regularly found in low densities in pool and backwater habitats floored with fine sand or silt, and with Procladius bellus, Paracladius conversus, Chironornus decorus, C. sp. 1, and C. sp. 2 collected only in the ULM segment. [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn]
+and Sublette 1979, Wolz and Shiozawa 1995, Spindler 1996).
 [[File:Midge.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Midge (larvae)]]  [[File:Insect_leaf.png|thumb|right|400px|Midge (adult)]]
@@ Line 52: / Line 54: @@
 ====TANYPODINAE====
-*I'roclad.", bell<"
+*Procladius bellus
 ====DIAMESlNAE====
-*Diamem heteropr"
+*Diamesia heteropus
-====ORTHOCIAOIINAE====
+====ORTHOCLADIINAE====
-*Cardiocladiw platypw
+*Cardiocladius platypus
-*Cricotopw am'lUlator"
+*Cricotopus annulator
-*Crirotop1" blJnni
+*Crirotopus blinni
-*Crirotop1<8 globistyk"
+*Crirotopus globistylus
-*Crirotcpw hem>wnni
+*Crirotopus herrmanni
-*Crirotop1<8 ;nfuscatw
+*Crirotopus infuscatus
-*Cricotop1<8 trl/=ia
+*Cricotopus trifacsia
 *Undet. Cricotopus sp.
-*E~dactylocladiw d"bitatus
+*Eudactylocladius dubitatus
-*Euk..!ferieU4 clar/penn;,
+*Eukiefferiella claripennis
-*EukiefferleU4 C6eruhscens
+*Eukiefferiella coerulescens
-*EukiefferieU4llkley"",;,
+*Eukiefferiella ilkeyensis
-*Undet. Eui<"!ferieU4 sp.
+*Undet. Eukiefferiella sp.
-*Undet. Umnophyes sp.
+*Undet. Limnophyes sp.
-*Metrioct1~mWl stevensi
+*Metriocnemus stevensi
-*Orlhocladlwfrigidw
+*Orthocladius frigidus
 *Orthocladius lutipes
-*Orlhocladiu.s mallochi
+*Orlhocladius mallochi
-*OrthockuLius 7'ivu;;ola
+*Orthocladius rivicola
-*Undet. Ortlwcladius sp.
+*Undet. Orthocladius sp.
-*Paf'ackldiWi conve"sus
+*Paracladius conversus
-*P,,,.akt.!feriell4 subate"';"'"
+*Parakiefferiella subaterrima
-*Parametn'ocnemus lundbeckii
+*Parametriocnemus lundbeckii
-*Par~nocf..a.d4j8 exagitarLs
+*Paraphaenocladius exagitans
-*Pseudosmittfu. nanseni
+*Pseudosmittia nanseni
 *Undet. Pseudosmittia sp.
-*Tvetenia t>in-acies 0.Ql5
+*Tvetenia vitracies
-*Thtal O,thocladiinae
-====CWRONOMlNAE <br>====
+====CHIRONOMlNAE <br>====
-Cbironomini
+Chironomini
 *Apedilum subcinctum
-*Chiron<>mus decorus
+*Chironomus decorus
-*ChironorllU8 tAahensis
+*Chironomus utahensis
-*Chironamw 'p.
+*Chironomus sp. 1
 *Chironomus sp. 2
-*Cyplume1la gibbem
+*Cyphonoe1la gibbera
-*Phoenospectra pmfusa
+*Phaenospectra profusa
-*Polyped;Wm "picot","
+*Polypedilum apicatuim
-*Ft>1ypediJ.m. obelo,
+*Polypedilum obelos
-*Undet. Polypedilnm sp.
+*Undet. Polypedilum sp.
 Tanytarsini
-*Cl4dotanytar-"" marid
+*Cladotanytarsus marki
-*Rheot4nyWrstl-& hanwtus
+*Rheotanytarsus hamatus
-*Undet. Micr0p8ectm sp.
+*Undet. Micropsectra sp.
@@ Line 121: / Line 122: @@
 The imago (the final adult stage) has shiny, hairless wings. The longer legs and tails allow for more rapid flight. The corrugation of the wings protects them by making them more flexible and therefore less vulnerable to wind damage. The imago mates and dies within a few hours to a day. (Harker, 1989) This short adult life is what gives the order its name from the Greek ephemeros meaning "lasting but a day." [https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/uniramia/ephemeroptera.html]
-===Mayflies detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon ===
+===Mayflies detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon [http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/f/fd/MNA_Year1_Final_Report_Submitted_to_TWG_180428.pdf]===
 *Baetidae Acentrella insignificans (McDunnough 1926)
 *Baetidae Baetis adonis (Traver 1935)
@@ Line 146: / Line 147: @@
 The Plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution, and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecoptera]
-===Stoneflies detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon ===
+===Stoneflies detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon [http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/f/fd/MNA_Year1_Final_Report_Submitted_to_TWG_180428.pdf]===
 *Chloroperlidae Suwallia pallidula (Banks 1904)
 *Chloroperlidae Sweltsa lamba (Needham and Claassen 1925)
@@ Line 159: / Line 160: @@
 Caddisflies resemble moths, but wings are hairy instead of scaly. Forewings are usually dark, sturdy, sometimes with striking color patterns, held tightly together roof-like over the abdomen when at rest. Hindwings often clear, relatively delicate, and hidden under forewings when at rest. Antennae usually very long, threadlike, with many segments. The aquatic larvae have three pairs of legs and a soft, elongate, segmented abdomen usually hidden inside a case. Most species live in a mobile case constructed from plant material, algae, grains of sand, pieces of snail shells, or entirely of silk. The case is held together with strands of silk secreted by the larva. In some species the case is attached to a rock, log, or other underwater surface; a few species have no case and are free-living. The case's particular shape and construction material is distinctive of the family and/or genus, and can be used in identification. For example: Helicopyschidae larvae use sand grains to build spiral cases that resemble small snail shells. [https://bugguide.net/node/view/5233]
-===Caddisflies detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon  ===
+===Caddisflies detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon [http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/f/fd/MNA_Year1_Final_Report_Submitted_to_TWG_180428.pdf] ===
 *Brachycentridae Brachycentrus occidentalis (Banks 1911)
 *Brachycentridae Micrasema bactro (Ross 1938)
@@ Line 256: / Line 257: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
 *[https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn Stevens, Lawrence E.; Sublette, James E.; and Shannon, Joseph P. (1998) "Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, II: factors influencing distribution," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 58 : No. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol58/iss2/2]

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 Midges are small, delicate flies, resembling mosquitoes but do not bite. Larvae are usually found in sediments, and can occur in everything ranging from highly polluted conditions to relatively clean water. [https://bugguide.net/node/view/3163] [http://www.chironomidae.net/index.html] The chironomid fauna of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon is depauperate in comparison with other western rivers (e.g., Sublette
 and Sublette 1979, Wolz and Shiozawa 1995, Spindler 1996). Our collections include 38 species in 23 genera and 4 subfamilies. The fauna is dominated by the Orthoeladiinae (23 species), with 5 abundant species: Cricotopus annulator > Cricotopus globistylus > Eukiefferiella claripennis > Orthocladius rivicola > Tvetenia vitracies. The fauna includes 12 Chironominae species, with Chironomtts spp. regularly found in low densities in pool and backwater habitats floored with fine sand or silt, and with Procladius bellus, Paracladius conversus, Chironornus decorus, C. sp. 1, and C. sp. 2 collected only in the ULM segment. [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn]
-[[File:Midge.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Midge (larvae)]]
+[[File:Midge.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Midge (larvae)]]  [[File:Insect_leaf.png|thumb|right|400px|Midge (adult)]]
-[[File:Insect_leaf.png|thumb|center|500px|Midge (adult)]]
 ===Midges detected or likely to occur in Grand Canyon [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3242&context=gbn]===