Difference between revisions of "Smallmouth Bass Page"
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The NPS encourages anglers to report any observations or catches of smallmouth bass below the dam. If caught, please remove the fish, put on ice and contact staff at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area or Grand Canyon National Park with a description of the location where found. Report findings to: Jeff Arnold, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, e-mail us or Brian Healy, Grand Canyon National Park, e-mail us. [https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/news/invasive-smallmouth-bass-colorado-river-below-glen-canyon-dam.htm] | The NPS encourages anglers to report any observations or catches of smallmouth bass below the dam. If caught, please remove the fish, put on ice and contact staff at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area or Grand Canyon National Park with a description of the location where found. Report findings to: Jeff Arnold, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, e-mail us or Brian Healy, Grand Canyon National Park, e-mail us. [https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/news/invasive-smallmouth-bass-colorado-river-below-glen-canyon-dam.htm] | ||
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+ | The lower slough was treated with rotenone on September 17-19, 2022. | ||
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− | '''Description: '''Smallmouth bass are a nonnative fish that was introduced into Arizona in 1921 | + | '''Description: '''Smallmouth bass are a nonnative fish that was introduced into Arizona in 1921. They are native to the upper Mississippi River basin. These bass are most often bronze to brownish in color, with dark vertical bars on the sides. |
− | + | ||
In contrast to the largemouth bass, the upper jaw does not extend beyond the rear margin of | In contrast to the largemouth bass, the upper jaw does not extend beyond the rear margin of | ||
the eye. The eye is reddish in color and there is a shallow notch in the dorsal fin. The soft | the eye. The eye is reddish in color and there is a shallow notch in the dorsal fin. The soft | ||
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consist of a substantial proportion of riffle habitat, clean, rocky, hard bottoms, and gradients | consist of a substantial proportion of riffle habitat, clean, rocky, hard bottoms, and gradients | ||
of 0.5 to about 5.0 m per km. In large rivers and lakes, smallmouth bass tend to congregate | of 0.5 to about 5.0 m per km. In large rivers and lakes, smallmouth bass tend to congregate | ||
− | over hard, stony bottoms, where currents are present | + | over hard, stony bottoms, where currents are present. At the present time, smallmouth bass occur in the mainstream of the Colorado River, in the |
Verde River system, and throughout the Salt River Basin below about 2,200 meters in | Verde River system, and throughout the Salt River Basin below about 2,200 meters in | ||
− | elevation | + | elevation. [https://www.usbr.gov/lc/phoenix/biology/azfish/pdf/smallmouthbass.pdf] |
'''Temperature:''' Temperatures may be the most important single factor limiting distribution | '''Temperature:''' Temperatures may be the most important single factor limiting distribution | ||
− | of smallmouth bass | + | of smallmouth bass. Faster |
growth rates of adult smallmouth bass are generally associated with higher | growth rates of adult smallmouth bass are generally associated with higher | ||
− | summer temperatures | + | summer temperatures. Faster growth rates |
occur in southern reservoirs, resulting in earlier death than in northern | occur in southern reservoirs, resulting in earlier death than in northern | ||
− | regions | + | regions. In the summer, bass inhabit warmer shoreline areas of |
− | large lakes in the North and deeper, cooler waters in the South | + | large lakes in the North and deeper, cooler waters in the South. Growth does not begin until water |
− | + | temperatures reach 10-14° C. Field data indicate that adults prefer temperatures of about 21-27° C | |
− | + | in the summer. Smallmouth bass have been reported "sunning" | |
− | in the summer | + | themselves in pools with water temperatures of about 26.7° C in summer. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] |
− | themselves in pools with water temperatures of about 26.7° C in summer | + | |
− | + | ||
Temperature preferences of smallmouth bass vary considerably depending on | Temperature preferences of smallmouth bass vary considerably depending on | ||
− | the acclimation temperature | + | the acclimation temperature. |
Smallmouth bass acclimated at 2.2-30.0° C selected temperatures of 20-32° C in | Smallmouth bass acclimated at 2.2-30.0° C selected temperatures of 20-32° C in | ||
− | laboratory tests | + | laboratory tests. Adult bass in the laboratory preferred |
− | temperatures of 28° C | + | temperatures of 28° C to 31° C. Optimum growth rates in the lab occurred at temperatures |
− | + | from 26-29° C. Upper lethal | |
− | from 26-29° C | + | temperatures for adults were above 32.3° C. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] |
− | temperatures for adults were above 32.3° C | + | |
− | When temperatures drop to 15-20° C, adults seek deep, dark areas | + | When temperatures drop to 15-20° C, adults seek deep, dark areas. At about 10° C, bass become |
− | + | inactive and seek shelter. At 6-7° C, most smallmouth bass are beneath | |
− | + | the rock substrate, with few remaining on top. The lower | |
− | the rock substrate, with few remaining on top | + | lethal temperature is near freezing. Bass will congregate around |
− | lethal temperature is near freezing | + | warm springs in winter when available.[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] |
− | warm springs in winter when available | + | |
− | '''Turbidity and Dissolved Oxygen: '''Smallmouth bass apparently can tolerate periodic turbidity | + | '''Turbidity and Dissolved Oxygen: '''Smallmouth bass apparently can tolerate periodic turbidity, |
− | + | although excessive turbidity and siltation will reduce a population. Hubert and Lackey (1980) reported a typical smallmouth | |
bass habitat to have very low turbidity, usually < 25 JTU, and almost never | bass habitat to have very low turbidity, usually < 25 JTU, and almost never | ||
> 75 JTU (except under flood conditions when turbidity is sometimes as high as | > 75 JTU (except under flood conditions when turbidity is sometimes as high as | ||
250 JTU).[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] | 250 JTU).[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] | ||
− | '''Salinity: '''Smallmouth occur at pH levels of 5.7 | + | '''Salinity: '''Smallmouth occur at pH levels of 5.7 to 9, |
− | although optimum pH is 7.9-8.1 | + | although optimum pH is 7.9-8.1. Butler (1972) found |
that smallmouth bass cover-seeking behavior was reduced at pH levels < 6, and | that smallmouth bass cover-seeking behavior was reduced at pH levels < 6, and | ||
the lower lethal pH level was 3. Smallmouth bass populations are more productive in clearer, less fertile | the lower lethal pH level was 3. Smallmouth bass populations are more productive in clearer, less fertile | ||
reservoirs several years after impoundment that have low total dissolved | reservoirs several years after impoundment that have low total dissolved | ||
− | solids (TDS = 100-350 ppm | + | solids (TDS = 100-350 ppm). [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] |
− | '''Reproduction: ''' | + | '''Reproduction: ''' Smallmouth bass spawn in spring, usually mid-April to July, depending on |
− | to | + | geographical location and water temperature. Cleary (1956) observed a 45 day |
− | + | post-nesting period for smallmouth spawning in Iowa streams. | |
− | + | Smallmouth bass spawn on rocky lake shoals, river shallows, or backwaters | |
− | + | or move into creeks or tributaries to- spawn. The species requires a clean | |
− | + | stone, rock, or gravel substrate for spawning. | |
+ | Studies show that the habitat condition during spawning is the most important | ||
+ | factor for year class strength in smallmouth bass. | ||
+ | Nest building and spawning occur when the water temperature is | ||
+ | 12.8-21.0° C, but most activity occurs at or above 15° C. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] | ||
− | '''Food: ''' | + | Mature females may contain 2000-15,000 golden yellow eggs. Males may spawn with several females on a single nest. On average each nest contains about 2,500 eggs, but nests may contain as many as 10,000 eggs. Eggs hatch in about 10 days if water temperatures are in the mid-50's (°F), but can hatch in 2-3 days if temperatures are in the mid-70's (°F). Males guard the nest from the time eggs are laid until fry begin to disperse, a period of up to a month. [https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_018493.pdf] |
− | + | ||
+ | '''Food: '''The diet of smallmouth bass changes from small to large food items as the | ||
+ | fish grow. Fry feed on microcrustaceans. Juvenile smallmouth bass eat larger insects, crayfish, and fish. Adults primarily feed on fish and crayfish in both lakes and | ||
+ | streams. The diet is influenced by abundance and availability of prey. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf] | ||
'''Risk: '''In Arizona, smallmouth bass reportedly are responsible for eliminating or reducing some | '''Risk: '''In Arizona, smallmouth bass reportedly are responsible for eliminating or reducing some | ||
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− | *[ | + | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/DocLibrary/EnvironmentalAssessments/20230200-GCDSmallmouthBassFlowOps_Draft%20EA_508.pdf 2023 Glen Canyon Dam/ Smallmouth Bass Flow Options Draft Environmental Assessment] |
− | *[https:// | + | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2023-02-16-amwg-meeting/20230216-InvasiveFishSpeciesBelowGlenCanyonDam-508-UCRO.pdf 2023 Invasive Fish Species Below Glen Canyon Dam: A Strategic Plan to Prevent, Detect and Respond] |
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=National_Park_Service_Expanded_Non-native_Aquatic_Species_Management_Plan_and_EA 2019 National Park Service Expanded Non-native Aquatic Species Management Plan] | *[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=National_Park_Service_Expanded_Non-native_Aquatic_Species_Management_Plan_and_EA 2019 National Park Service Expanded Non-native Aquatic Species Management Plan] | ||
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=2013_National_Park_Service_Comprehensive_Fisheries_Management_Plan 2013 National Park Service Comprehensive Fisheries Management Plan] | *[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=2013_National_Park_Service_Comprehensive_Fisheries_Management_Plan 2013 National Park Service Comprehensive Fisheries Management Plan] | ||
+ | *[http://gcdamp.com/index.php/Nonnative_Invasive_Aquatic_Species Nonnative Invasive Aquatic Species Page] | ||
+ | *[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA323294.pdf Habitat suitability information: Smallmouth bass] | ||
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+ | '''2023''' | ||
+ | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-TWGMeeting-SBAHGUpdateNonnativeFishStrategicPlan-508-UCRO.pdf SBAHG Update & Nonnative Fish Strategic Plan: Review and Discussion] | ||
+ | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-TWGMeeting-GlenCanyonDamSmallmouthBassEnvironmentalAssessmentUpdate-508-UCRO.pdf Glen Canyon Dam/Smallmouth Bass Environmental Assessment Update] | ||
+ | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-AnnualReportingMeeting-SmallmouthBassDepletionEffortGlenCanyonNRA-508-UCRO.pdf Smallmouth Bass Depletion Effort in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area ] | ||
'''2022''' | '''2022''' | ||
+ | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-10-13-twg-meeting/20221013-SmallmouthBassAdHocGroupReview-508-UCRO.pdf Smallmouth Bass Ad Hoc Group: Review, updates, and next steps ] | ||
+ | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-05-18-amwg-meeting/20220518-Near-TermThreatSmallmouthBassEstablishmentGlenCanyonDam-508-UCRO.pdf Near-Term Threat of Smallmouth Bass Establishment below Glen Canyon Dam ] | ||
*[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/07/06/colorado-river-threatened-by-smallmouth-bass/7825588001/ 'Worst fears confirmed' in biologists' fight to save ancient Colorado River fish] | *[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/07/06/colorado-river-threatened-by-smallmouth-bass/7825588001/ 'Worst fears confirmed' in biologists' fight to save ancient Colorado River fish] | ||
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-04-13-twg-meeting/20220413-FlowSpikeReduceSmallmouthBass-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Flow spike to reduce smallmouth bass reproductive success, Green River, 2021 ] | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-04-13-twg-meeting/20220413-FlowSpikeReduceSmallmouthBass-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Flow spike to reduce smallmouth bass reproductive success, Green River, 2021 ] | ||
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-04-13-twg-meeting/20220413-Near-TermThreatSmallmouthBassEstablishmentGlenCanyonDam-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Near-Term Threat of Smallmouth Bass Establishment below Glen Canyon Dam ] | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-04-13-twg-meeting/20220413-Near-TermThreatSmallmouthBassEstablishmentGlenCanyonDam-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Near-Term Threat of Smallmouth Bass Establishment below Glen Canyon Dam ] | ||
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-FishModellingSupportManagementDecisions-508-UCRO.pdf Fish modelling to support management decisions ] | *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-FishModellingSupportManagementDecisions-508-UCRO.pdf Fish modelling to support management decisions ] | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''2016''' | ||
+ | *[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315875119_RIVER_REGULATION_AFFECTS_REPRODUCTION_EARLY_GROWTH_AND_SUPPRESSION_STRATEGIES_FOR_INVASIVE_SMALLMOUTH_BASS_IN_THE_UPPER_COLORADO_RIVER_BASIN Bestgen and Hill. 2016. River regulation affects reproduction, early growth, and suppression strategies for invasive smallmouth bass in the upper Colorado River basin. ] | ||
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− | ! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> | + | ! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Spike flows</h2> |
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Revision as of 14:31, 2 November 2023
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Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui)The predatory threat of invasive and large-bodied piscivorous taxa such as smallmouth bass in the upper Colorado River basin is substantial. For example, based on results of a bioenergetics model, Johnson et al. (2008) ranked smallmouth bass as the most problematic invasive species because of their high abundance, habitat use that overlaps with most native fishes, and ability to consume a wide variety of life stages of native fishes (Bestgen et al. 2008). Expanded populations of piscivores such as smallmouth bass are a major impediment to conservation actions aimed at recovery efforts for the four endangered fishes in the upper Colorado River basin (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2002a, b, c, d). [1] |
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