Difference between revisions of "Hydrology"

From Glen Canyon Dam AMP
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(95 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
----
+
 
 
__NOTOC__  __NOEDITSECTION__
 
__NOTOC__  __NOEDITSECTION__
 
<!--  
 
<!--  
Line 6: Line 6:
 
{| style="width:100%; background:#fcfcfc; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;"
 
{| style="width:100%; background:#fcfcfc; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;"
 
|style="width:25%; color:#000"| <!--  
 
|style="width:25%; color:#000"| <!--  
−
*[[Image:Fish_Jumping.gif|40px‎|link=]]
+
 
−
-----------'''Welcome to the ENERGY SERVICES GROUP HOME PAGE'''---------->
+
--------------------->
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 
  style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 
  style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
Line 16: Line 16:
 
   </tr>
 
   </tr>
 
</table>
 
</table>
−
    [[File:Hydrology.jpg|center|300px]]
+
 
 +
[[File:Hydrology.jpg|center|300px]]
  
 
<!--
 
<!--
Line 24: Line 25:
  
 
=='''Upper Colorado River Basin Hydrology'''==
 
=='''Upper Colorado River Basin Hydrology'''==
−
The Upper Colorado River Basin regularly experiences significant year to year hydrologic variability. During the 17-year period 2000 to 2015, however, the unregulated inflow to Lake Powell, which is a good measure of hydrologic conditions in the Colorado River Basin, was above average in only 3 out of the past 17 years. The period 2000-2016 is the lowest 17-year period since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, with an average unregulated inflow of 8.57 maf, or 79% of the 30-year average (1981-2010). (For comparison, the 1981-2010 total water year average is 10.83 maf.) The unregulated inflow during the 2000-2016 period has ranged from a low of 2.64 maf (24% of average) in water year 2002 to a high of 15.97 maf (147% of average) in water year 2011.   [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html]
+
Upper Colorado River Basin regularly experiences significant year to year hydrologic variability. During the 21-year period 2000 to 2020, however, the unregulated inflow to Lake Powell, which is a good measure of hydrologic conditions in the Colorado River Basin, was above average in only 4 out of the past 19 years. The period 2000-2020 is the lowest 21-year period since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, with an average unregulated inflow of 8.62 maf, or 80 percent of the 30-year average (1981-2010). (For comparison, the 1981-2010 total water year average is 10.83 maf.) The unregulated inflow during the 2000-2020 period has ranged from a low of 2.64 maf (24 percent of average) in water year 2002 to a high of 15.97 maf (147 percent of average) in water year 2011. In water year 2018 unregulated inflow volume to Lake Powell was 4.6 maf (43 percent of average), the third driest year on record above 2002 and 1977. [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html]
  
 
|}<!--
 
|}<!--
Line 30: Line 31:
 
----------Strapline immediately below banner---------->
 
----------Strapline immediately below banner---------->
 
{| style="width:100%; height:50px" border=1px solid #ccc; background:#cedff2
 
{| style="width:100%; height:50px" border=1px solid #ccc; background:#cedff2
−
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Current Status] <br>
+
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Current Status] <br>  
−
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Current Operations]  
+
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Current Operations] <br>
−
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Inflow Forecasts <br> and Model Projections]  
+
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Inflow Forecasts and Model Projections] <br>
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 38: Line 39:
 
|class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"|
 
|class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"|
 
{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;"
 
{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;"
−
! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Updates </h2>
+
! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Updates</h2>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 +
 +
=='''[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/index.html Upper Colorado Region Homepage]'''==
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/hydrodata/reservoir_data/919/dashboard.html Hydrodata dashboard for Lake Powell]
 +
*[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/WCIS/basinCharts/POR/WTEQ/assocHUC2/Upper%20Colorado%20Region.html Lake Powell Snow Chart]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/studies/images/PowellForecast.png Lake Powell Inflow Forecast]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/studies/images/PowellElevations.png Lake Powell Elevation Projections]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/studies/images/PowellRelease.png Lake Powell Release Projections]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html Glen Canyon Dam Operations]
  
 
== '''USBR Weekly Water Reports''' ==
 
== '''USBR Weekly Water Reports''' ==
Line 60: Line 69:
  
 
== '''Snow Pack Reports''' ==
 
== '''Snow Pack Reports''' ==
 +
*[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/WCIS/basinCharts/POR/WTEQ/assocHUC2/Upper%20Colorado%20Region.html Upper Colorado River Basin Snow Water Tracking]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/hydrodata/status_maps/  Upper Colorado Basin Conditions Map]
 
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/notice/snowpack.html Bureau of Reclamation- Snow Pack Report]
 
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/notice/snowpack.html Bureau of Reclamation- Snow Pack Report]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/UC_SnowMap/ Upper Colorado Region Snow Pack Conditions Map]
 
 
*[http://www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/snow/station/sweplot/sweplot.cgi?quick=multiple SNOWTEL Report]
 
*[http://www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/snow/station/sweplot/sweplot.cgi?quick=multiple SNOWTEL Report]
 
**The snowtel report is a calculating report, and takes approximately 3 minutes to run.   
 
**The snowtel report is a calculating report, and takes approximately 3 minutes to run.   
Line 71: Line 81:
 
*[http://drought.unl.edu/DM/MONITOR.HTML U.S. Drought Monitor]
 
*[http://drought.unl.edu/DM/MONITOR.HTML U.S. Drought Monitor]
 
*[http://treeflow.info/basin.html Tree Flow Data]
 
*[http://treeflow.info/basin.html Tree Flow Data]
 +
 +
== '''Inflow Volumes to Lake Powell and Release Volumes from Glen Canyon Dam''' ==
 +
 +
10-year average inflow (2014-2023): 8.8493 maf <br>
 +
10-year average release (2014-2023): 8.4521 maf <br>
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 +
|-
 +
!Water Year
 +
!Unregulated Inflow (maf)
 +
!Release Volume (maf)
 +
 +
|-
 +
|2023||13.421||08.58||
 +
|-
 +
|2022||06.084||07.000||
 +
|-
 +
|2021||03.502||08.230||
 +
|-
 +
|2020||05.847||08.230||
 +
|-
 +
|2019||12.951||09.001||
 +
|-
 +
|2018||04.612||09.000||
 +
|-
 +
|2017||11.905||09.000||
 +
|-
 +
|2016||09.616||09.000||
 +
|-
 +
|2015||10.174||09.000||
 +
|-
 +
|2014||10.381||07.480||
 +
|-
 +
|2013||05.117||08.232||
 +
|-
 +
|2012||04.908||09.466||
 +
|-
 +
|2011||15.971||12.518||
 +
|-
 +
|2010||08.426||08.235||
 +
|-
 +
|2009||10.220||08.236||
 +
|-
 +
|2008||12.086||08.978||
 +
|-
 +
|2007||08.754||08.231||
 +
|-
 +
|2006||08.626||08.228||
 +
|-
 +
|2005||12.795||08.232||
 +
|-
 +
|2004||05.913||08.231||
 +
|-
 +
|2003||06.161||08.229||
 +
|-
 +
|2002||02.643||08.230||
 +
|-
 +
|2001||06.994||08.236||
 +
|-
 +
|2000||06.936||09.381||
 +
|-
 +
|1999||12.800||11.204||
 +
|-
 +
|1998||13.520||13.510||
 +
|-
 +
|1997||17.053||13.824||
 +
|-
 +
|1996||10.402||11.522||
 +
|-
 +
|1995||15.905||09.223||
 +
|-
 +
|1994||06.794||08.289||
 +
|-
 +
|1993||14.437||08.102||
 +
|-
 +
|1992||07.352||08.002||
 +
|-
 +
|1991||08.801||08.121||
 +
|-
 +
|1990||05.311||08.140||
 +
|-
 +
|1989||05.939||07.981||
 +
|-
 +
|1988||07.989||08.144||
 +
|-
 +
|1987||13.377||13.429||
 +
|-
 +
|1986||18.546||16.848||
 +
|-
 +
|1985||17.517||19.094||
 +
|-
 +
|1984||20.846||20.499||
 +
|-
 +
|1983||20.371||17.493||
 +
|-
 +
|1982||12.771||08.304||
 +
|-
 +
|1981||05.639||08.295||
 +
|-
 +
|1980||13.682||10.907||
 +
|-
 +
|1979||14.189||08.297||
 +
|-
 +
|1978||11.059||08.354||
 +
|-
 +
|1977||03.529||08.260||
 +
|-
 +
|1976||08.431||08.482||
 +
|-
 +
|1975||13.095||09.255||
 +
|-
 +
|1974||09.970||08.266||
 +
|-
 +
|1973||15.974||10.108||
 +
|-
 +
|1972||09.329||09.311||
 +
|-
 +
|1971||11.798||08.591||
 +
|-
 +
|1970||11.992||08.692||
 +
|-
 +
|1969||11.520||08.823||
 +
|-
 +
|1968||10.319||08.334||
 +
|-
 +
|1967||08.979||07.797||
 +
|-
 +
|1966||08.689||07.854||
 +
|-
 +
|1965||15.046||10.820||
 +
|-
 +
|1964||07.492||02.413||
 +
 +
  
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
[[File:LakePowellInflows1906 2012.JPG|left|500px|thumbnail|[https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Final_Colorado_Overview.pdf https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Final_Colorado_Overview.pdf] ]]
 +
 +
[[File:GlenCanyonRelease1995 2015.JPG|left|500px|thumbnail|[http://www.lakepowell.org/page_two/what_s_new/what_s_new.html http://www.lakepowell.org/page_two/what_s_new/what_s_new.html] ]]
  
 +
[[File:LakePowellelevations1963 2012.JPG|left|500px|thumbnail|[https://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/is-lake-powell-really-shrinking https://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/is-lake-powell-really-shrinking] ]]
  
 
<!--
 
<!--
  
−
----
 
 
--------------------------------ADDITIONAL------------------------------->
 
--------------------------------ADDITIONAL------------------------------->
 
|class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"|
 
|class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"|
 
{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;"
 
{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;"
−
! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Water Flow Gages</h2>
+
! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Stream Flow Gages</h2>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 +
 
*[http://graphs.water-data.com/lakepowell/ Lake Powell Water Level Graphs]
 
*[http://graphs.water-data.com/lakepowell/ Lake Powell Water Level Graphs]
 
*[https://www.wapa.gov/regions/CRSP/OpsMaint/Pages/scada.aspx Glen Canyon Dam releases (SCADA)]
 
*[https://www.wapa.gov/regions/CRSP/OpsMaint/Pages/scada.aspx Glen Canyon Dam releases (SCADA)]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/riverops/_HdbWebQuery.html Glen Canyon Dam releases (HDB), SDI for total release = 1872]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-GCLT1 Water Holes Canyon above the mouth]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09380000 Colorado River at Lees Ferry]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09380000 Colorado River at Lees Ferry]
−
*[http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ut/nwis/uv/?site_no=09381800&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060,72020,00010,00095,00300,63680 Paria River near Kanab (US 89 bridge)]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09381800 Paria River near Kanab, UT]
−
*[http://waterdata.usgs.gov/az/nwis/uv?site_no=09382000 Paria River at Lees Ferry]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09382000 Paria River at Lees Ferry, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09383050 Colorado River at 30 mile]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT1 Badger Creek below highway 89A near Vermillion Cliffs, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09383100 Colorado River above LCR]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT2 Tanner Wash below highway 89A near Bitter Springs, AZ]
−
*[http://waterdata.usgs.gov/az/nwis/uv?site_no=09402300 LCR at Colorado River]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT3 House Rock Wash above Emmett Wash near Cliff Dwellers, AZ]
−
*[http://waterdata.usgs.gov/az/nwis/uv?site_no=09402500 Colorado River at Bright Angel Creek]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT5 North Canyon near Cliff Dwellers, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09403000 Bright Angel Creek]
+
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT6 Shinumo Wash in Twentynine Mile Canyon near Cedar Ridge, AZ]
 +
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09383050 Colorado River near river mile 30]
 +
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09383100 Colorado River above Little Colorado River near Desert View, AZ]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09401260 Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi, AZ]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09401500 Moenkopi Wash near Cameron, AZ]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09401000 Little Colorado River at Grand Falls, AZ]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09402000 Little Colorado River near Cameron, AZ]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09402300 Little Colorado River above the mouth near Desert View, AZ]
 +
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09402500 Colorado River near Grand Canyon, AZ]
 +
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09403000 Bright Angel Creek near Grand Canyon, AZ]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT6 Shinumo Creek]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/GCMRC-MCLT6 Shinumo Creek]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09402352 Colorado River abv Lava Canyon rm66]
+
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09403850 Kanab Creek above the mouth near Supai, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09403270 Colorado River bl rm127]
+
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404115 Havasu Creek above the mouth near Supai, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09403850 Kanab Creek]
+
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404120 Colorado River above National Canyon near Supai, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404115 Havasu Creek]
+
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404200 Colorado River above Diamond Creek near Peach Springs, AZ]
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404120 Colorado River abv National Canyon]
+
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404200 Colorado River bl Diamond Creek]
+
−
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/discharge_qw_sediment/station/GCDAMP/09404220 Colorado River abv Spencer rm246]
+
 
*[http://graphs.water-data.com/lakemead/ Lake Mead Water Level Graphs]
 
*[http://graphs.water-data.com/lakemead/ Lake Mead Water Level Graphs]
 +
 +
|-
 +
! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Projects</h2>
 +
|-
 +
|style="color:#000;"|
 +
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 109: Line 271:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 +
 +
'''2024'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2024-05-15-amwg-meeting/20240515-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2024-02-29-amwg-meeting/20240229-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2024-01-25-twg-meeting/20240125-TWGMeeting-UpperColoradoRiverBasinIRADroughtMitigationPrograms-508-UCRO.pdf Upper Colorado River Basin IRA Drought Mitigation Programs ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2024-01-25-twg-meeting/20240125-TWGMeeting-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://qcnr.usu.edu/coloradoriver/blog/WY2023-schmidt-4 Reservoir Storage at the End of 2023 – Holding On to What We Have]
 +
 +
'''2023'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-11-08-twg-meeting/20231108-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and Water Quality]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2023-08-17-amwg-meeting/20230817-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-06-15-twg-meeting/20230615-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and Water Quality]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-04-13-twg-meeting/20230413-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2023-02-16-amwg-meeting/20230216-GlenCanyonDamOperationsUpperBasinHydrologyWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Glen Canyon Dam Operations and Upper Basin Hydrology and Water Quality]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-TWGMeeting-BasinHydrologyWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Water Quality]
 +
 +
'''2022'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-10-13-twg-meeting/20221013-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and Water Quality ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-08-18-amwg-meeting/20220818-Smith-AMWG-DROA-PPT_508.pdf AMP Role Relative to Implementing the Drought Response Operating Agreement]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-08-18-amwg-meeting/20220818-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and Water Quality ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-06-16-twg-meeting/20220616-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and Water Quality ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-05-18-amwg-meeting/20220518-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-04-13-twg-meeting/20220413-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and Water Quality ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-TWGMeeting-BasinHydrologyOperationsWaterQuality-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and Water Quality ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-02-10-amwg-meeting/20220210-BasinHydrologyWaterQualityOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Water Quality, and Operations ]
 +
 +
'''2021'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-10-14-twg-meeting/20211014-ColoradoRiverBasinAugust20215-yearProjectedFutureConditions-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Basin August 2021 5-year Projected Future Conditions ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-10-14-twg-meeting/20211014-Long-TermHydrologicProjectionsColoradoRiverBasinMethodsConsideringUncertainty-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Long-Term Hydrologic Projections for the Colorado River Basin and Methods for Considering Uncertainty]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-06-17-twg-meeting/20210617-ColoradoRiverBasinApril20215-yearProjectedFutureConditions-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Basin April 2021 5-year Projected Future Conditions ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-06-17-twg-meeting/20210617-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2021-05-19-amwg-meeting/20210519-BasinHydrologyOperation-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-UpdateHydrologyOperationsWaterQualityConditions-508-UCRO.pdf Update on Hydrology, Operations and Water Quality Conditions ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2021-02-11-amwg-meeting/20210211-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-01-22-twg-meeting/20210122-BasinHydrologyOperations-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
 +
'''2020'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-10-15-twg-meeting/20201015-OpsHydrologyTWG-508.pdf TWG Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2020-08-20-amwg-meeting/20200820-BasinHydrologyReservoirOperations2020-2021Hydrograph-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Reservoir Operations 2020 and 2021 Hydrograph ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-06-24-twg-meeting/20200624-HydrologyOperationsReservoirRelease-508-UCRO.pdf Hydrology, Operations and Reservoir Release presentation ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2020-05-20-amwg-meeting/20200520-AMWG-HydrologyOperationsReservoirRelease-508-UCRO.pdf Hydrology, Operations and Reservoir Release presentation ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2020-02-12-amwg-meeting/20200212-AMWG-HydrologyOperationsReservoirRelease-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Hydrology, Operations and Reservoir Release]
 +
 +
'''2019'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2019-10-21-twg-meeting/20191021-BasinHydrologyReservoirOperations2020Hydrograph-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Basin Hydrology, Reservoir Operations and 2020 Hydrograph Presentation ]
 +
 +
'''2018'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-10-10-twg-meeting/Attach_06.pdf Basin Hydrology, Water Years 2018-2019 Operations PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2018-08-22-amwg-meeting/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Reservoir Operations 2018 and 2019 Hydrograph]
 +
*[https://qcnr.usu.edu/wats/colorado_river_studies/files/documents/Udall.pdf How Will the Colorado Run? The Colorado River in a Warmer World]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-06-25-twg-meeting/Attach_04.pdf Basin Hydrology, Water Years 2018-2019 Operations PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2018-05-22-amwg-meeting/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Reservoir Operations 2018 and 2019 Hydrograph PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-04-23-twg-meeting/Attach_13.pdf The 21st Century Colorado River Hot Drought and Implications for the Future PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-04-23-twg-meeting/Attach_06.pdf Basin Hydrology, Water Years 2018-2019 Operations PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2018-02-14-amwg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology, Water Years 2018-2019 Operations PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-01-25-twg-meeting/AR21.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and 2018 Hydrograph PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-01-25-twg-meeting/Attach_04.pdf Basin Hydrology, Water Years 2018-2019 Operations PPT]
  
 
'''2017'''
 
'''2017'''
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17apr20/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2017-04-20-twg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
 
*[[Media:Feb2017 OperationsCall.pdf| February 2017 Glen Canyon Montly Operational Coordination Call]]
 
*[[Media:Feb2017 OperationsCall.pdf| February 2017 Glen Canyon Montly Operational Coordination Call]]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/17feb15/Hydrology.pdf Basin Hydrology, and 2017-2018 Operations]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2017-02-15-amwg-meeting/Attach_05.pdf Basin Hydrology, and 2017-2018 Operations]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/A4_Davidson.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and 2018 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2017-02-15-amwg-meeting/Attach_16.pdf Analysis of Water Losses and Impacts to the Grand Canyon Ecosystem of the "Fill Mead First" Proposal and PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2017-01-26-twg-meeting/A6_Davidson.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations and 2018 Hydrograph]
  
 
'''2016'''
 
'''2016'''
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/16aug24/Attach_05.pdf Basin Hydrology and Water Year (WY) 2017 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2016-08-24-amwg-meeting/Attach_05.pdf Basin Hydrology and Water Year (WY) 2017 Hydrograph]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/16may25/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2017 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2016-05-25-amwg-meeting/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2017 Hydrograph]
 
*[[Media:2017 Hydrology PPT.pdf| TWG: Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2017 Hydrograph]]
 
*[[Media:2017 Hydrology PPT.pdf| TWG: Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2017 Hydrograph]]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/16feb24/pdf/Attach_08.pdf AMWG: Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2017 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2016-02-24-amwg-meeting/Attach_08.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2017 Hydrograph]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/16jan26/documents/Attach_02.pdf Glen Canyon Dam Operations During Equalization]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2016-02-26-twg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Glen Canyon Dam Operations During Equalization]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/16jan26/documents/AR01_Topping.pdf Project 2: Streamflow,  Water Quality, Sediment Transport, and Sand Budgets in the Colorado River Ecosystem]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2016-02-26-twg-meeting/AR01_Topping.pdf Project 2: Streamflow,  Water Quality, Sediment Transport, and Sand Budgets in the Colorado River Ecosystem]
  
 
'''2015'''
 
'''2015'''
Line 129: Line 349:
 
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwY-Z2c3NTUGbDNmN3FOeW05b3c/view Lake Mead Issues and Lower Basin Shortage Preparedness - Presentation]
 
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwY-Z2c3NTUGbDNmN3FOeW05b3c/view Lake Mead Issues and Lower Basin Shortage Preparedness - Presentation]
 
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwY-Z2c3NTUGbmRuSzRqVm5ydHc/view Basin Hydrology Operations, and 2016 Hydrograph]
 
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwY-Z2c3NTUGbmRuSzRqVm5ydHc/view Basin Hydrology Operations, and 2016 Hydrograph]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/15jun11/Attach_04.pdf Basin Hydrology Operations, and 2016 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2015-06-11-twg-meeting/Attach_04.pdf Basin Hydrology Operations, and 2016 Hydrograph]
 
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwY-Z2c3NTUGMHhacTF4enJ1eGs/view 2016 Annual Operating Plan]
 
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwY-Z2c3NTUGMHhacTF4enJ1eGs/view 2016 Annual Operating Plan]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/15may28/Attach_05.pdf AMWG: Basin Hydrology and WY 2016 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2015-05-28-amwg-meeting/Attach_05.pdf Basin Hydrology and WY 2016 Hydrograph]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/15apr21/Attach_03.pdf TWG: Hydrology Update and 2016 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2015-04-21-twg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Hydrology Update and 2016 Hydrograph]
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/15apr21/Attach_07.pdf Water Quality in Lake Mead and Upstream Influences: Dissolved Oxygen during 2014]  
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2015-04-21-twg-meeting/Attach_07.pdf Water Quality in Lake Mead and Upstream Influences: Dissolved Oxygen during 2014]  
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/15feb25/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2016 Hydrograph]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2015-02-25-amwg-meeting/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2016 Hydrograph]  
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/14jun24/Attach_06b.pdf Hydrology Update and 2016 Hydrograph]  
+
  
 
'''2014'''
 
'''2014'''
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/14jun24/Attach_06a.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2015 Hydrograph ]  
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2014-06-24-twg-meeting/Attach_06a.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2015 Hydrograph ]  
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/14jun24/Attach_06a.pdf Proposed 2015 Hydrograph ]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2014-08-27-amwg-meeting/Attach_02a.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations ]  
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/14aug27/Attach_02a.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations ]  
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2014-05-27-amwg-meeting/Attach_01.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2015 Hydrograph and AIF: Development of Water Year 2015 Hydrograph ]  
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/14may27/Attach_01.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2015 Hydrograph and AIF: Development of Water Year 2015 Hydrograph ]  
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2014-02-19-amwg-meeting/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2015 Hydrograph ]  
−
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/14feb19/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology, Operations, and 2015 Hydrograph ]  
+
  
 
'''2013'''
 
'''2013'''
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/13aug08/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2013-08-08-amwg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13jun26/Attach_04.pdf Colorado River Basin Hydrology and Projected Glen Canyon Dam Operations ]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2013-06-26-twg-meeting/Attach_04.pdf Colorado River Basin Hydrology and Projected Glen Canyon Dam Operations ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13jun26/Attach_05a.pdf DOI/DOE FY14 Hydrograph ]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2013-06-26-twg-meeting/Attach_05a.pdf DOI/DOE FY14 Hydrograph ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13jun26/Attach_05b.pdf Approved FY14 Hydrograph ]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2013-06-26-twg-meeting/Attach_05b.pdf Approved FY14 Hydrograph ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/13feb20/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2013-02-20-amwg-meeting/Attach_02.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/13feb20/Attach_03.pdf Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2013-02-20-amwg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13jan24/Attach_05.pdf Executive Summary--Pre-Production Copy of the Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2013-01-24-twg-meeting/Attach_05.pdf Executive Summary--Pre-Production Copy of the Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study]
 
*[https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/crbstudy/finalreport/index.html Colorado River Basin Water Study & Demand Study - Final Study Reports]
 
*[https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/crbstudy/finalreport/index.html Colorado River Basin Water Study & Demand Study - Final Study Reports]
  
 
'''2012'''
 
'''2012'''
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/12aug29/Attach_03.pdf AIF: Basin Hydrology PPT]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2012-08-29-amwg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/12feb22/Attach_09.pdf AIF: Basin Hydrology and Operations PPT]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2012-02-22-amwg-meeting/Attach_09.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations ]
 
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/about/ka/KA%202%20-%2010-19-11/AM%20Talks/Grams%20Flow%20Temp%20Turbidity.pdf Flow Temp Turbidity ]
 
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/about/ka/KA%202%20-%2010-19-11/AM%20Talks/Grams%20Flow%20Temp%20Turbidity.pdf Flow Temp Turbidity ]
  
 
'''2011'''
 
'''2011'''
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/11aug24/Attach_08.pdf AIF: Basin Hydrology and PPT]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2011-08-24-amwg-meeting/Attach_08.pdf Basin Hydrology ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/11may18/Attach_03.pdf AIF: Basin Hydrology and PPT]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2011-05-18-amwg-meeting/Attach_03.pdf Basin Hydrology ]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/11may18/Attach_10.pdf AIF: Secure Water Act Section 9503 (c) - Water and Climate Change]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2011-05-18-amwg-meeting/Attach_10.pdf Secure Water Act Section 9503 (c) - Water and Climate Change]
−
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/11jan20/Attach_04a.pdf Bureau of Reclamation Updates PPT]
+
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2011-01-20-twg-meeting/Attach_04a.pdf Bureau of Reclamation Updates ]
 +
 
 +
'''2010'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2010-08-24-amwg-meeting/Attach_06.pdf Basin Hydrology and Operations]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2010-02-03-amwg-meeting/Attach_12.pdf Basin Hydrology and PPT]
 +
 
 +
'''2009'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2009-08-12-amwg-meeting/Attach_08b.pdf Basin Hydrology PPT]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2009-04-29-amwg-meeting/Attach_11.pdf Basin Hydrology and PPT]
  
 
'''2003'''
 
'''2003'''
Line 172: Line 398:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 
|style="color:#000;"|
 +
 +
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
<Span></Span>

Latest revision as of 11:19, 23 August 2024
Hydrology.jpg

Upper Colorado River Basin Hydrology

Upper Colorado River Basin regularly experiences significant year to year hydrologic variability. During the 21-year period 2000 to 2020, however, the unregulated inflow to Lake Powell, which is a good measure of hydrologic conditions in the Colorado River Basin, was above average in only 4 out of the past 19 years. The period 2000-2020 is the lowest 21-year period since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, with an average unregulated inflow of 8.62 maf, or 80 percent of the 30-year average (1981-2010). (For comparison, the 1981-2010 total water year average is 10.83 maf.) The unregulated inflow during the 2000-2020 period has ranged from a low of 2.64 maf (24 percent of average) in water year 2002 to a high of 15.97 maf (147 percent of average) in water year 2011. In water year 2018 unregulated inflow volume to Lake Powell was 4.6 maf (43 percent of average), the third driest year on record above 2002 and 1977. [1]

Current Status
Current Operations
Inflow Forecasts and Model Projections

Updates

Upper Colorado Region Homepage

USBR Weekly Water Reports

  1. Reservoir inflows (forecast and observed)
  2. Reservoir releases
  3. SNOTEL
  1. Water use

USBR Monthly/Annual Reports

Snow Pack Reports

U.S. Drought Monitor

Inflow Volumes to Lake Powell and Release Volumes from Glen Canyon Dam

10-year average inflow (2014-2023): 8.8493 maf
10-year average release (2014-2023): 8.4521 maf

Water Year Unregulated Inflow (maf) Release Volume (maf)
2023 13.421 08.58
2022 06.084 07.000
2021 03.502 08.230
2020 05.847 08.230
2019 12.951 09.001
2018 04.612 09.000
2017 11.905 09.000
2016 09.616 09.000
2015 10.174 09.000
2014 10.381 07.480
2013 05.117 08.232
2012 04.908 09.466
2011 15.971 12.518
2010 08.426 08.235
2009 10.220 08.236
2008 12.086 08.978
2007 08.754 08.231
2006 08.626 08.228
2005 12.795 08.232
2004 05.913 08.231
2003 06.161 08.229
2002 02.643 08.230
2001 06.994 08.236
2000 06.936 09.381
1999 12.800 11.204
1998 13.520 13.510
1997 17.053 13.824
1996 10.402 11.522
1995 15.905 09.223
1994 06.794 08.289
1993 14.437 08.102
1992 07.352 08.002
1991 08.801 08.121
1990 05.311 08.140
1989 05.939 07.981
1988 07.989 08.144
1987 13.377 13.429
1986 18.546 16.848
1985 17.517 19.094
1984 20.846 20.499
1983 20.371 17.493
1982 12.771 08.304
1981 05.639 08.295
1980 13.682 10.907
1979 14.189 08.297
1978 11.059 08.354
1977 03.529 08.260
1976 08.431 08.482
1975 13.095 09.255
1974 09.970 08.266
1973 15.974 10.108
1972 09.329 09.311
1971 11.798 08.591
1970 11.992 08.692
1969 11.520 08.823
1968 10.319 08.334
1967 08.979 07.797
1966 08.689 07.854
1965 15.046 10.820
1964 07.492 02.413


https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Final_Colorado_Overview.pdf
http://www.lakepowell.org/page_two/what_s_new/what_s_new.html
https://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/is-lake-powell-really-shrinking

Stream Flow Gages

Projects


Presentations and Papers

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2003

Other Stuff
Retrieved from "http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Hydrology&oldid=10361"