Colorado Pikeminnow

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Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) The Colorado pikeminnow is the largest minnow in North America and is an endangered, native fish of the Colorado River thought to have evolved more than 3 million years ago. Called the “white salmon” by early settlers due to its migratory behavior, the Colorado pikeminnow has a torpedo-shaped body and a large, toothless mouth. It has an olive-green and gold back and a silvery-white belly. Colorado pikeminnow can live up to 40 years and were historically known to grow to nearly 6 feet long and weight 80 pounds. Today, researchers commonly see adult Colorado pikeminnow that are 2 to 3 feet in length. Colorado pikeminnow are known for long-distance spawning migrations of more than 200 miles in late spring and early summer. They are capable of reproducing at 5 to 7 years of age. Young Colorado pikeminnow feed on insects and plankton, whereas adults feed mostly on fish. The Colorado pikeminnow was a valued food source by early settlers. Dale Stewart of Vernal, Utah, caught a 25-pound Colorado pikeminnow in 1937. He reminisced about the fish’s food value. “You can see how you cut steaks off that thing,” he said. “I remember a fish like that really was a harvest, and it produced not just one meal, but quite a few meals for the family.” (Also see: Historical perspective.) The Colorado pikeminnow was the Colorado River’s top predator in the early 1900s and has been known to take anglers’ bait in the form of mice, birds, and even small rabbits, despite that its only “teeth” are found on a bony, circular structure located deep within its throat. This fish also readily strikes lures and live bait used to catch sport fish or nonnative fish. [1]

Online training	Fish Species of the Colorado River in Lower Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon	Fish photos, information, and maps

Updates Status and distribution Listed as endangered by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1967; given full protection under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Listed as endangered under Colorado law in 1976; status changed to threatened in 1998. Protected under Utah law since 1973. Colorado pikeminnow were once abundant in the main stem of the Colorado River and most of its major tributaries in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California. Today, two wild populations of Colorado pikeminnow are found in the Upper Colorado River Basin – one in the upper Colorado River system and one in the Green River system. The San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program continues to stock Colorado pikeminnow to develop a separate, self-sustaining population. The Colorado pikeminnow is adapted to warm rivers and requires uninterrupted passage and a hydrologic cycle characterized by large spring peaks of snowmelt runoff and lower, relatively stable base flows. Working to recover the species Actions being taken to recover the Colorado pikeminnow include: Managing water to provide adequate instream flows to create beneficial water flow Constructing fish passages and screens at major diversion dams to provide endangered fish with access to hundreds of miles of critical habitat Developing backwaters for early life stages Monitoring fish population numbers Managing nonnative fishes Recovery goals Colorado pikeminnow will be considered eligible for downlisting from “endangered” to “threatened” and for removal from Endangered Species Act protection (delisting) when all of the following conditions are met: Self-sustaining fish populations reach the required numbers in areas of the Green, Colorado and/or San Juan rivers as identified in the chart below. The threat of significant “fragmentation” of the population has been removed. (Fragmentation refers to separation between fish populations caused by geographical distance or physical barriers.) Essential habitats, including primary migration routes and required stream flows are legally protected. Other identifiable threats that could significantly affect the population are removed.

Links and Information Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program Presentations and Papers Miller, Phillip S. 2018. Population Viability Analysis for the Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) An Assessment of Current Threats to Species Recovery and Evaluation of Management Alternatives. Final Report of the IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Supplemental Information Colorado Pikeminnow: Forgotten Predator of the Lower Colorado River Bestgen et al. 2018. Population status of Colorado pikeminnow in the Green River sub-basin, Colorado and Utah, 2000–2013. Final Report. Colorado State University, Larval Fish Laboratory to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program Osmundson, D.B., and G.C. White. 2014. Population Structure, Abundance and Recruitment of Colorado Pikeminnow of the Upper Colorado River, 1991-2010. Final Report of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Breen, M.J., M. Swasey, P. Badame, K. Creighton. 2011. Upper Colorado River basin young-of-year Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) monitoring: Summary report 1986-2009. Final Report of Utah Division of Wildlife Resources to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Bestgen, K.R., J.A. Hawkins, G.C. White, C.D. Walford, P. Badame, and L. Monroe. 2010. Population status of Colorado pikeminnow in the Green River Basin, Utah and Colorado, 2006-2008. Final Report of the Larval Fish Laboratory, Colorado State University to the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Osmundson, D.B., and G.C. White. 2009. Population status and trends of Colorado pikeminnow of the upper Colorado River, 1991-2005. Final Report of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. 2006 EVALUATION OF POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR COLORADO PIKEMINNOW AND HUMPBACK CHUB IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN Kitcheyan, D.C., and M. Montagne. 2005. Movement, Migration, and Habitat Use by Colorado Pikeminnow, (Ptychocheilus lucius) in a Regulated River Below Flaming Gorge Dam, Utah. Final Report of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program. 2006. Evaluation of Population Estimates for Colorado Pikeminnow and Humpback Chub in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Final Report of Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Bestgen, K.R., J. A. Hawkins, G. C. White, K. Chrisopherson, M. Hudson, M. H. Fuller, D. C. Kitcheyan, R. Brunson, P. Badame, G. B. Haines, J. Jackson, C. D. Walford, T. A. Sorensen, and T. B. Williams. 2005. Population Status of Colorado Pikeminnow in the Green River Basin, Utah and Colorado. Final Report of Colorado State University Larval Fish Laboratory to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Osmundson, D.B. 2002. Population dynamics of Colorado pikeminnow in the upper Colorado River. Final Report of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Denver, Colorado. Colorado Pikeminnow Documents 2018 Population Viability Analysis for the Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) 2011 Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) 5-Year Review 2002 Colorado Pikeminnow Recovery Goals Other Stuff Emery Kolb holding a 25lb. Colorado Pikeminnow