Difference between revisions of "FOOD BASE"

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[[File:FoodbaseDiversity.jpg]]
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[[File:FoodbaseModel.PNG|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf ]]
  
 
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=='''The Aquatic Food Base below Glen Canyon Dam'''==
+
=='''Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon'''==
  
The Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam has been altered by dam-induced modifications to the river’s flow, temperature, and sediment supply. Nonnative species have also changed the natural system. Nonnative fish are thought to prey on and compete with native fish, including the endangered humpback chub (''Gila cypha''). These impacts have likely changed both the amount and sources of energy that fuel the aquatic food web and the flows of energy within the food web. Installation of the dam created a relatively clear, cool aquatic environment below the dam that now allows aquatic plants to capture the sun’s energy, and they in turn are now consumed by a few species, including scuds (''Gammarus lacustris''), midges (Family: Chironomidae), blackflies (''Simulium arcticum''), and New Zealand mudsnails (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum''). The first three species can provide food for both native and nonnative fishes, but fish cannot digest the New Zealand mudsnail.  
+
Aquatic insects live in the water as larvae most of their lives, then emerge onto land for a brief period as winged adults. Sampling these emerged adults on land is therefore a useful tool for understanding the condition of the aquatic insect population that is in the water, particularly in large rivers where sampling the larvae on the river bed is impractical. Aquatic insects have a terrestrial, winged adult life stage in which they leave the water and fly onto land in order to find a mate and reproduce. [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sbsc/science/aquatic-insects?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects]
  
==[[Portal:Desired Future Conditions -DFCs| '''Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base''']]==
+
==[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Long-term_Experimental_and_Management_Plan_(LTEMP) '''LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base''']==  
 +
No resource goal was identified for the aquatic food base. It was deemed more as "a means to an end" with regard to meeting goals for humpback chub, other native fish, and the rainbow trout fishery.
  
 +
==[[Portal:Desired Future Conditions -DFCs| '''Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base''']]==
 
The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.<br>
 
The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.<br>
  
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! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:EPT.jpg|center|500px]] [https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/strmRest/wshedCondition/EPTIndex.pdf EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition] <br>
 
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:EPT.jpg|center|500px]] [https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/strmRest/wshedCondition/EPTIndex.pdf EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition] <br>
 
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Chara.jpg|center|200px]] [[Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes]] <br>
 
! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Chara.jpg|center|200px]] [[Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes]] <br>
! style="width=55%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Macroinvertebrates.jpg|center|400px]] [http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ Aquatic Macroinvertebrates] <br>
+
! style="width=55%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Macroinvertebrates.jpg|center|400px]] [http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Aquatic_Macroinvertebrates Aquatic Macroinvertebrates] <br>
 
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[[File:NutrientsDrift.PNG|thumb|center|500px|Variable phosphorus release from Glen Canyon Dam controls tailwater food webs https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-pHRegulatesPhosphorusCyclingColoradoRiver-508-UCRO.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR LCRbiomass.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR LCRbiomass.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR MidgeAbundance.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR MidgeAbundance.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR FoodbaseConclusions.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR FoodbaseConclusions.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR HFEsFoodbase2.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 
[[File:2017AR HFEsFoodbase2.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 +
[[File:Cross 2016.JPG|thumb|center|500px|[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3039/fs2013-3039.pdf Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses] ]]
  
 
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*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Portal:GCDAMP_Knowlege_Assessments GCMRC Annual Reports page]
 +
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Aquatic_Macroinvertebrates Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Glen and Grand Canyons wiki page]
 +
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Algae_and_Aquatic_Macrophytes Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes wiki page]
 +
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Nutrients Nutrients wiki page]
 +
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Humpback_Chub_Page Humpback Chub wiki page]
 +
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=FISHERY Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery wiki page]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/food_base_default.aspx GCMRC Aquatic Food Base Lab]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/food_base_default.aspx GCMRC Aquatic Food Base Lab]
 
*[http://www.usu.edu/buglab/ USU Buglab]
 
*[http://www.usu.edu/buglab/ USU Buglab]
 
*[http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ USU Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Key]
 
*[http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ USU Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Key]
 
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/35772.html Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of NY]
 
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/35772.html Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of NY]
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Algae_and_Aquatic_Macrophytes Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes Page]
 
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Nutrients Nutrients Page]
 
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Humpback_Chub_Page Humpback Chub Page]
 
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=FISHERY Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery Page]
 
  
 
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*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2001 Foodbase PEP]
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*2012 Foodbase PEP
 
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2004 Foodbase PEP]
 
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2004 Foodbase PEP]
 +
*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2001 Foodbase PEP]
  
 
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'''2023'''
 +
*[https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2022-0229 Hansen et al., 2023, Linking ecosystem processes to consumer growth rates—Gross primary productivity as a driver of freshwater fish somatic growth in a resource-limited river: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]
 +
*[https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22414 Metcalfe et al., 2023, Insectivorous bat foraging tracks the availability of aquatic flies (Diptera), The Journal of Wildlife Management]
 +
*[https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10381 Yard et al., 2023, Declines in prey production during the collapse of a tailwater rainbow trout population are associated with changing reservoir conditions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-AnnualReportingMeeting-MolecularModelingToolsTrackingFoodBaseDynamicsChangingEnvironments-508-UCRO.pdf Molecular and modeling tools for tracking food base dynamics in changing environments]
 +
*[[Media:BAO_Approved-LHansen-Rev_Poster.pdf| A Decade of GPP Data in a Changing River]]
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*[[Media:Wehr-Wrey-Stevens_diatoms.pdf| Changes in epiphytic diatoms in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam following reduced flow variation]]
 +
 +
'''2022'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-02-10-amwg-meeting/20220210-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring ]
 +
 +
'''2021'''
 +
*[[Media:Abernethy 2021 Hydropeaking intensity.pdf| Abernethy et al., 2021, Hydropeaking intensity and dam proximity limit aquatic invertebrate diversity in the Colorado River Basin: Ecosphere]]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-MacroinvertebrateOvipositionHabitatSelectivityEgg-MassDesiccationTolerances-508-UCRO.pdf Macroinvertebrate Oviposition Habitat Selectivity and Egg-Mass Desiccation Tolerances: Implications For Population Dynamics In Large Regulated Rivers ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-DistributionImpactsBenthicHyporheicAnoxiaColoradoRiverEcosystem-508-UCRO.pdf Distribution and Impacts of Benthic and Hyporheic Anoxia on the Colorado River Ecosystem Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona ]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2021-02-11-amwg-meeting/20210211-NutrientsPrimaryProductionColoradoRiverFoodbase-508-UCRO.pdf Nutrients, Primary Production, and the Colorado River Foodbase ]
 +
 +
'''2020'''
 +
*[https://www.sryahwapublications.com/annals-of-ecology-and-environmental-science/pdf/v4-i2/1.pdf Stevens et al. 2020. Benthic discontinuity between an unregulated tributary and the dam-controlled Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science.]
 +
*[https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13617 Metcalfe et al., 2020, Net‐spinning caddisfly distribution in large regulated rivers: Freshwater Biology]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-10-15-twg-meeting/20201015-ColoradoRiverAquaticFoodbaseStudiesTapeatsCreek-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Aquatic Foodbase Studies at Tapeats Creek, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: A Benthic Discontinuity ]
 +
*[https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/ecosystems/science/episode-2-citizen-science?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects Citizen Science - podcast ]
 +
*[[Media:Metcalfe 2020 Spatial population structure aquatic insect CR Basin.pdf|Metcalfe et al., 2020, Spatial population structure of a widespread aquatic insect in the Colorado River Basin--Evidence for a Hydropsyche oslari species complex: Freshwater Science]]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-01-13-twg-meeting/20200113-AnnualReportingMeeting-TroutRecruitmentGrowthPopulationDynamics-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf TRGD: Trout Recruitment, Growth and Population Dynamics ]
 +
 +
'''2019'''
 +
*[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.2583 Behn, K. E., and C. V. Baxter. 2019. The trophic ecology of a desert river fish assemblage: influence of season and hydrologic variability. Ecosphere 10(1):e02583]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2019-03-14-twg-meeting/20190314-BigFloodSmallFloodSpringFloodFallFloodHFETimingAffectsFoodBaseResponse-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Big Flood, Small Flood, Spring Flood, Fall Flood: HFE timing affects food base response? Presentation ]
  
 
'''2018'''
 
'''2018'''
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-10-10-twg-meeting/Attach_09.pdf Future CRE Foodbase Research and Management PPT]
 
*[[Media:Ellsworth TWG Meeting 20180626.pdf| Caddisfly outbreak on the Colorado River below Davis Dam Laughlin NV / Bullhead City AZ]]
 
*[[Media:Ellsworth TWG Meeting 20180626.pdf| Caddisfly outbreak on the Colorado River below Davis Dam Laughlin NV / Bullhead City AZ]]
 
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/18jun25/Attach_12.pdf Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons PPT (Tapeats Creek study)]
 
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/18jun25/Attach_12.pdf Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons PPT (Tapeats Creek study)]
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'''2015'''
 
'''2015'''
 
*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/documents/publication/Walters-et-al-2015.pdf Walters et al. 2015. Mercury and selenium accumulation in the Colorado River food web, Grand Canyon, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry]
 
*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/documents/publication/Walters-et-al-2015.pdf Walters et al. 2015. Mercury and selenium accumulation in the Colorado River food web, Grand Canyon, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry]
 +
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2015-10-20-twg-meeting/Attach_08b.pdf Mercury and Selenium levels in the Grand Canyon foodweb]
 
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/15jan20/Attach_11.pdf  Invertebrate drift in Glen Canyon 2007-2013]
 
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/15jan20/Attach_11.pdf  Invertebrate drift in Glen Canyon 2007-2013]
  
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'''2013'''
 
'''2013'''
 +
*[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3039/fs2013-3039.pdf Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses]
 +
*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/documents/publication/Cross%20et%20al.%202013.pdf Cross et al. 2013. Food-web dynamics in a large river discontinuum. Ecological Monographs]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Kennedy%20et%20al.%20FWB%20proofs.pdf  Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology.]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Kennedy%20et%20al.%20FWB%20proofs.pdf  Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology.]
*[http://www.uwyo.edu/bhall/reprints/wellard_kelly2013.pdf Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science, 32(2):397-410. 2013.]
+
*[http://www.uwyo.edu/bhall/reprints/wellard_kelly2013.pdf Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science.]
*[[Media:Miller and Judson-2013-DriftAndHydropeaking.pdf| Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71: 675–687]]
+
*[[Media:Miller and Judson-2013-DriftAndHydropeaking.pdf| Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]]
 
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13nov06/Attach_02a.pdf GCMRC Update - Status of Resources and Sediment Conditions]
 
*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13nov06/Attach_02a.pdf GCMRC Update - Status of Resources and Sediment Conditions]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/annaul_reporting/Tuesday%201_22_13/6.%20Kennedy_2013Annual%20Report.pdf  Annual Reporting Meeting: Foodbase Update]
 
*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/annaul_reporting/Tuesday%201_22_13/6.%20Kennedy_2013Annual%20Report.pdf  Annual Reporting Meeting: Foodbase Update]
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'''2010'''
 
'''2010'''
 +
*[[Media:2010 Rosi HFEs Foodbase.pdf| Rosi-Marshall et al., 2010, Short-term effects of the 2008 high-flow experiment on macroinvertebrates in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1031, 28 p.]]
 
*[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a521/0fc25d8781a5511fbb50947f8a38c9c5ded2.pdf Wellard-Kelly, 2010, Resource Composition and Macroinvertebrate Resource Consumption in the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam. Master's Theses. ]
 
*[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a521/0fc25d8781a5511fbb50947f8a38c9c5ded2.pdf Wellard-Kelly, 2010, Resource Composition and Macroinvertebrate Resource Consumption in the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam. Master's Theses. ]
 
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/McKinney1999f.pdf McKinney et al., 2010, Macroinvertebrate drift in the tailwater of a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist]
 
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/McKinney1999f.pdf McKinney et al., 2010, Macroinvertebrate drift in the tailwater of a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist]
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*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/09mar16/Attach_05.pdf Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center updates by Program Managers]
 
*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/09mar16/Attach_05.pdf Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center updates by Program Managers]
  
'''2002'''
+
'''2003'''
*[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048%3C0023:BCSOTG%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Haden et al. 2002. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist]
+
*[[Media:2003 Haden benthic structure CR.pdf| Haden et al. 2003. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist]]
  
 
'''2001'''
 
'''2001'''
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'''1991'''
 
'''1991'''
*Blinn, D. W. and G. A. Cole. 1991. Algal and invertebrate biota in the Colorado River: comparison of pre- and post-dam conditions. In: National Research Council, editor, Colorado River ecology and dam management. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Pp. 102–123.
 
 
*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/FoodBase/Haury1991.pdf  Haury 1991. Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek]
 
*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/FoodBase/Haury1991.pdf  Haury 1991. Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek]
 
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/gces/Blinn1991.pdf Blinn and Cole. 1991. Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions. In Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management.]  
 
*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/gces/Blinn1991.pdf Blinn and Cole. 1991. Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions. In Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management.]  
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|style="color:#000;"|
  
*Black Flies and Midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
+
===The interaction of fish, foodbase, and temperature===
*Black Flies and Midges respond positively to spring HFE's.
+
Fish occupying warmer water have higher metabolic demands than individuals in cooler water, and if these demands increase concurrently with a seasonal decline in prey availability, then growth rates may be reduced. [http://wec.ufl.edu/floridarivers/NSE/Finch%20RRA%20HBC%20Growth%20NSE.pdf]
*Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.
+
 
+
*Notably, several species of cold-tolerant nonnative invertebrates were intentionally introduced into the Colorado River after Glen Canyon Dam was closed in 1963. Altogether 10,000 immature mayflies were secured from a commercial source in Minnesota and released at three sites in the Lees Ferry reach. Also, 10,000 snails, 5,000 leeches, and thousands of insects representing at least 10 families were transported from the San Juan River in New Mexico to the river near Lees Ferry. In addition, 50,000 “scuds” (Gammarus lacustris) were introduced into Bright Angel Creek in 1932 and at Lees Ferry and below the dam in 1968, in addition to 2,000 crayfish taken from the LCR near Springerville, AZ (Blinn and Cole 1991). Gammarus lacustris has thrived in the cold, clear reaches below the dam, but the fate of the other introduced species is unknown.
+
  
 +
----
 +
*Gammarus, blackflies, and midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
 +
*Blackflies and midges respond positively to spring HFE's. Gammarus show little response to fall or spring HFEs.
 +
*Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.
 +
 
|}
 
|}
 
 
----
 

Revision as of 17:22, 25 April 2024


Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon

Aquatic insects live in the water as larvae most of their lives, then emerge onto land for a brief period as winged adults. Sampling these emerged adults on land is therefore a useful tool for understanding the condition of the aquatic insect population that is in the water, particularly in large rivers where sampling the larvae on the river bed is impractical. Aquatic insects have a terrestrial, winged adult life stage in which they leave the water and fly onto land in order to find a mate and reproduce. [1]

LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base

No resource goal was identified for the aquatic food base. It was deemed more as "a means to an end" with regard to meeting goals for humpback chub, other native fish, and the rainbow trout fishery.

Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base

The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.

EPT.jpg
EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition
Chara.jpg
Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes
Macroinvertebrates.jpg
Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Updates


Links and Information

Foodbase Projects

Oviposition and Egg Desiccation Studies

Foodwebs and Bioenergetics Studies

Measuring Primary Production in the Lees Ferry Reach

The BugFlow Experiment

Citizen Science Insect Monitoring

Hyporheic Anoxia in the Lees Ferry Reach

Downstream Recovery of the Foodbase Community in Several Colorado River Tailwaters

Drift and Food Availability Studies

Foodbase PEP

Papers and Presentations

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2003

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1994

1991

1990

1981

1959

Other Stuff

The interaction of fish, foodbase, and temperature

Fish occupying warmer water have higher metabolic demands than individuals in cooler water, and if these demands increase concurrently with a seasonal decline in prey availability, then growth rates may be reduced. [2]


  • Gammarus, blackflies, and midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
  • Blackflies and midges respond positively to spring HFE's. Gammarus show little response to fall or spring HFEs.
  • Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.