Difference between revisions of "FOOD BASE"

Latest revision as of 16:20, 22 August 2024

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf

Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon

Aquatic insects live in the water as larvae most of their lives, then emerge onto land for a brief period as winged adults. Sampling these emerged adults on land is therefore a useful tool for understanding the condition of the aquatic insect population that is in the water, particularly in large rivers where sampling the larvae on the river bed is impractical. Aquatic insects have a terrestrial, winged adult life stage in which they leave the water and fly onto land in order to find a mate and reproduce. [1]

LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base

No resource goal was identified for the aquatic food base. It was deemed more as "a means to an end" with regard to meeting goals for humpback chub, other native fish, and the rainbow trout fishery.

Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base

The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.

EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition	Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes	Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Updates

Variable phosphorus release from Glen Canyon Dam controls tailwater food webs https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-pHRegulatesPhosphorusCyclingColoradoRiver-508-UCRO.pdf

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf

Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses

Links and Information
GCMRC Annual Reports page Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Glen and Grand Canyons wiki page Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes wiki page Nutrients wiki page Humpback Chub wiki page Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery wiki page GCMRC Aquatic Food Base Lab USU Buglab USU Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Key Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of NY
Foodbase Projects
Oviposition and Egg Desiccation Studies Foodwebs and Bioenergetics Studies Measuring Primary Production in the Lees Ferry Reach The BugFlow Experiment Citizen Science Insect Monitoring Hyporheic Anoxia in the Lees Ferry Reach Downstream Recovery of the Foodbase Community in Several Colorado River Tailwaters Drift and Food Availability Studies
Foodbase PEP
2012 Foodbase PEP 2004 Foodbase PEP 2001 Foodbase PEP
Papers and Presentations
2024 Project F update: Lead decomposition, bat monitoring, aquatic insects 2023 Hansen et al., 2023, Linking ecosystem processes to consumer growth rates—Gross primary productivity as a driver of freshwater fish somatic growth in a resource-limited river: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Metcalfe et al., 2023, Insectivorous bat foraging tracks the availability of aquatic flies (Diptera), The Journal of Wildlife Management Yard et al., 2023, Declines in prey production during the collapse of a tailwater rainbow trout population are associated with changing reservoir conditions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Molecular and modeling tools for tracking food base dynamics in changing environments A Decade of GPP Data in a Changing River Changes in epiphytic diatoms in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam following reduced flow variation 2022 Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring 2021 Abernethy et al., 2021, Hydropeaking intensity and dam proximity limit aquatic invertebrate diversity in the Colorado River Basin: Ecosphere Macroinvertebrate Oviposition Habitat Selectivity and Egg-Mass Desiccation Tolerances: Implications For Population Dynamics In Large Regulated Rivers Distribution and Impacts of Benthic and Hyporheic Anoxia on the Colorado River Ecosystem Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona Nutrients, Primary Production, and the Colorado River Foodbase 2020 Stevens et al. 2020. Benthic discontinuity between an unregulated tributary and the dam-controlled Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science. Metcalfe et al., 2020, Net‐spinning caddisfly distribution in large regulated rivers: Freshwater Biology Colorado River Aquatic Foodbase Studies at Tapeats Creek, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: A Benthic Discontinuity Citizen Science - podcast Metcalfe et al., 2020, Spatial population structure of a widespread aquatic insect in the Colorado River Basin--Evidence for a Hydropsyche oslari species complex: Freshwater Science TRGD: Trout Recruitment, Growth and Population Dynamics 2019 Behn, K. E., and C. V. Baxter. 2019. The trophic ecology of a desert river fish assemblage: influence of season and hydrologic variability. Ecosphere 10(1):e02583 Big Flood, Small Flood, Spring Flood, Fall Flood: HFE timing affects food base response? Presentation 2018 Future CRE Foodbase Research and Management PPT Caddisfly outbreak on the Colorado River below Davis Dam Laughlin NV / Bullhead City AZ Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons PPT (Tapeats Creek study) Shedding light on aquatic insects of the Colorado River Basin with citizen science PPT Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons: Anoxic substrates and Tapeats Creek studies PPT Aquatic invertebrate drift patterns downstream of Colorado River Basin dams Sabo et al., 2018, Pulsed flows, tributary inputs, and food web structure in a highly regulated river: Journal of Applied Ecology 2017 Walters et al., 2017, A digital reference collection for aquatic macroinvertebrates of North America: Freshwater Science, v. 36, no. 4, p. 693-697 Muehlbauer et al. 2016. Deleterious effects of net clogging on the quantification of stream drift: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Fluvial Aquatic Ecology of the Colorado River (… especially Lees Ferry) Floods, Flows and the Aquatic Foodbase PPT The Grand Beyond: Aquatic Foodbase of the Upper Colorado River Basin 2016 Kennedy et al. 2016. Flow Management for Hydropower Extirpates Aquatic Insects, Undermining River Food Webs. BioScience Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center Science Updates (BO Compliance, Trout Updates, Green Sunfish, Fisheries PEP, Partners in Science) Aquatic Foodbase of the Little Colorado River 2015 Walters et al. 2015. Mercury and selenium accumulation in the Colorado River food web, Grand Canyon, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Mercury and Selenium levels in the Grand Canyon foodweb Invertebrate drift in Glen Canyon 2007-2013 2014 Citizen Science Insect Monitoring: A Powerful Tool for Detecting Ecosystem Change Science Updates - Recent Research on Sand, Bugs, and Fish Foodbase Enhancement Suggestions from Federation of Fly Fishers Foodbase Findings Low flows in Glen Canyon: preliminary geomorphic analysis of the potential effects on fish and food base (Melis) 2013 Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses Cross et al. 2013. Food-web dynamics in a large river discontinuum. Ecological Monographs Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology. Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science. Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. GCMRC Update - Status of Resources and Sediment Conditions Annual Reporting Meeting: Foodbase Update Foodbase Update 2012 Temperatures, TCD, and Food Base Final Report of the Aquatic Food Base Study and Protocol Evaluation Panel and PPT Long-term Food Web and Ecosystem Monitoring Foodbase Monitoring and Research: Response to PEP PPT GCMRC Updates and PPT Food Base 2011 KA2 2011 Cross et al. 2011. Ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: Food web response to a controlled flood on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Ecological Applications, 21(6), 2011, pp. 2016–2033 2010 Rosi-Marshall et al., 2010, Short-term effects of the 2008 high-flow experiment on macroinvertebrates in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1031, 28 p. Wellard-Kelly, 2010, Resource Composition and Macroinvertebrate Resource Consumption in the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam. Master's Theses. McKinney et al., 2010, Macroinvertebrate drift in the tailwater of a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist Cross et al. 2010. Invasion and production of New Zealand mud snails in the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Biol Invasions Short-Term Effects of the 2008 High-Flow Experiment on Macroinvertebrates in Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona Basal Resources in Backwaters of the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam—Effects of Discharge Regimes and Comparison with Mainstem Depositional Environments 2009 Blinn and Ruiter, 2009, "Caddisfly (Trichoptera) assemblages along major river drainages in Arizona," Western North American Naturalist Oberlin et al., 2009, Watershed Influence on the Macroinvertebrate Fauna of Ten Major Tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist AIF: Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) Update Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center updates by Program Managers 2003 Haden et al. 2003. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist 2001 Shannon et al. 2001. Aquatic food base response to the 1996 test flood below Glen Canyon Dam, Colorado River, Arizona. Ecological Applications, 11(3), 2001, pp. 672–685. 2000 Blinn et al. 2000. Environmental Conditions Associated with Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp and Miscellaneous Algae, Macrophytes, and Bryophytes (MAMB). Report to GCMRC. 1999 Oberlin, G. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1999. Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 44:17–30. Haden, G. A., D. W. Blinn, and J. P. Shannon. 1999. Driftwood: an alternative habitat for macroinvertebrates in a large southwestern river. Hydrobiologia 397:179–186. Oberlin et al. Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist 44(1):17-30. 1998 Stevens, L. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1998. Colorado river benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: dam, tributary and geomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers. Blinn et al. 1998. Algal ecology in the tailwater stream communities: The Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. J, Phycol. M, 734-740 (1998) Stevens et al. 1998. Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, II: factors influencing distribution. Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 58: No. 2, Article 2 1997 Stevens, L. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1997. Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: dam, tributary and geomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 13:129–149. Shaver et al. Effects of suspended sediment and desiccation on the benthic tailwater community in the Colorado River, USA. Hydrobiologia 357: 63–72, 1997. Stevens et al. 1997. Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Dam, tributary, and gomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, Vol. 13, 129–149 (1997) 1994 Shannon et al. 1994. Trophic interactions and benthic animal community structure in the Colorado River, Arizona, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 31(2):213 - 220. 1991 Haury 1991. Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek Blinn and Cole. 1991. Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions. In Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management. 1990 Blin and Cole, 1990, Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions 1981 Carothers and Minckley. 1981. A survey of the aquatic flora and fauna of the Grand Canyon: A Survey of the Fishes, Aquatic Invertebrates and Aquatic Plants of the Colorado River and Selected Tributaries form Lee Ferry to Separation Rapids. Final Report to DOI 1959 Woodbury et al. 1959. Ecological Studies of the Flora and Fauna in Glen Canyon. Anthropological Papers (Glen Canyon Series Number 7) ,40. Salt Lake City, Ut: University of Utah Press.
Other Stuff
The interaction of fish, foodbase, and temperature Fish occupying warmer water have higher metabolic demands than individuals in cooler water, and if these demands increase concurrently with a seasonal decline in prey availability, then growth rates may be reduced. [2] Gammarus, blackflies, and midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam. Blackflies and midges respond positively to spring HFE's. Gammarus show little response to fall or spring HFEs. Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.

Difference between revisions of "FOOD BASE"

Latest revision as of 16:20, 22 August 2024

Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon

LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base

Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base

Updates

Links and Information

Foodbase Projects

Foodbase PEP

Papers and Presentations

Other Stuff

The interaction of fish, foodbase, and temperature

Navigation menu

Personal tools

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@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 </table>
-[[File:FoodbaseDiversity.jpg]]
+[[File:FoodbaseModel.PNG|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf ]]
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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ------------Portal list on righthand side---------->
 |style="width:60%; font-size:120%;"|
-==[http://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/food_base_default.aspx '''The Aquatic Food Base below Glen Canyon Dam''']==
+=='''Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon'''==
-The Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam has been altered by dam-induced modifications to the river’s flow, temperature, and sediment supply. Nonnative species have also changed the natural system. Nonnative fish are thought to prey on and compete with native fish, including the endangered humpback chub (''Gila cypha''). These impacts have likely changed both the amount and sources of energy that fuel the aquatic food web and the flows of energy within the food web. Installation of the dam created a relatively clear, cool aquatic environment below the dam that now allows aquatic plants to capture the sun’s energy, and they in turn are now consumed by a few species, including scuds (''Gammarus lacustris''), midges (Family: Chironomidae), blackflies (''Simulium arcticum''), and New Zealand mudsnails (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum''). The first three species can provide food for both native and nonnative fishes, but fish cannot digest the New Zealand mudsnail.
+Aquatic insects live in the water as larvae most of their lives, then emerge onto land for a brief period as winged adults. Sampling these emerged adults on land is therefore a useful tool for understanding the condition of the aquatic insect population that is in the water, particularly in large rivers where sampling the larvae on the river bed is impractical. Aquatic insects have a terrestrial, winged adult life stage in which they leave the water and fly onto land in order to find a mate and reproduce.  [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sbsc/science/aquatic-insects?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects]
-==[[Portal:Desired Future Conditions -DFCs| '''Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base''']]==
+==[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Long-term_Experimental_and_Management_Plan_(LTEMP) '''LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base''']==
+No resource goal was identified for the aquatic food base. It was deemed more as "a means to an end" with regard to meeting goals for humpback chub, other native fish, and the rainbow trout fishery.
+==[[Portal:Desired Future Conditions -DFCs| '''Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base''']]==
 The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.<br>
@@ Line 37: / Line 39: @@
 ! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:EPT.jpg|center|500px]] [https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/strmRest/wshedCondition/EPTIndex.pdf EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition] <br>
 ! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Chara.jpg|center|200px]] [[Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes]] <br>
-! style="width=55%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Macroinvertebrates.jpg|center|400px]] [http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ Aquatic Macroinvertebrates] <br>
+! style="width=55%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Macroinvertebrates.jpg|center|400px]] [http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Aquatic_Macroinvertebrates Aquatic Macroinvertebrates] <br>
 |}
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
-During periods of high fish abundance, food limitation can lead to extreme competition between [http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=FISHERY '''rainbow trout'''] and [http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Humpback_Chub_Page '''humpback chub'''] for limited food resources resulting in large swings in in the trout population and skip spawning in the humpback chub population. These effects can be amplified by [http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=TEMPERATURE increasing '''water temperature'''] if food production or availability don't correspondingly increase because warmer water increases fish metabolism requiring them to eat more food in order to maintain body condition.
+[[File:NutrientsDrift.PNG|thumb|center|500px|Variable phosphorus release from Glen Canyon Dam controls tailwater food webs https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-pHRegulatesPhosphorusCyclingColoradoRiver-508-UCRO.pdf ]]
-[[File:NO TroutAbundances2016.jpg|center|500px]]
+[[File:2017AR LCRbiomass.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
-[[File:HBCcondition2016.jpg|center|500px]]
+[[File:2017AR MidgeAbundance.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
+[[File:2017AR FoodbaseConclusions.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
-----
+[[File:2017AR HFEsFoodbase2.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
+[[File:Cross 2016.JPG|thumb|center|500px|[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3039/fs2013-3039.pdf Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses] ]]
-[[Media:Kennedy 2016 HydropowerEPT.pdf| '''Kennedy's 2016 Bioscience paper''']] presents a conceptual model describing how hydropower flows could be limiting aquatic insect diversity and production by limiting the reproductive success of insects accustom to laying their eggs along the shoreline. It provides supporting data from an egg desiccation study done below Flaming Gorge Dam, light trap data collected in the Grand Canyon, and a comparison of fluctuation intensity and EPT diversity in several western US hydropower tailwaters. The paper concludes that egg desiccation from fluctuating flows is likely a leading factor in limiting aquatic insect diversity and production in tailwaters below hydropower facilities. The paper also proposes a '''[[The Bugflow Experiment| bugflow experiment]]''' to be tested at Glen Canyon Dam as a possible mitigation for fluctuating flows made for hydropower production.
-[[File:EPThydropeakingModel.jpg|600px]]
-[[File:MidgeAbundanceFlow.jpg|400px]]
-[[File:DesiccationMortality.jpg|400px]]
-[[File:EPTdiversityHydropeaking.jpg|600px]] <br>
 |}
@@ Line 71: / Line 68: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Portal:GCDAMP_Knowlege_Assessments GCMRC Annual Reports page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Aquatic_Macroinvertebrates Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Glen and Grand Canyons wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Algae_and_Aquatic_Macrophytes Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Nutrients Nutrients wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Humpback_Chub_Page Humpback Chub wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=FISHERY Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery wiki page]
 *[http://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/food_base_default.aspx GCMRC Aquatic Food Base Lab]
 *[http://www.usu.edu/buglab/ USU Buglab]
+*[http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ USU Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Key]
+*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/35772.html Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of NY]
 |-
@@ Line 80: / Line 85: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
-Measuring Primary Production in the Lees Ferry Reach
+[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=%27%27%27Oviposition_and_Egg_Desiccation%27%27%27 Oviposition and Egg Desiccation Studies]
-Effects of BugFlows and HFEs on the Aquatic Foodbase
+[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodwebs_and_Bioenergetics Foodwebs and Bioenergetics Studies]
-*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=The_Bugflow_Experiment The Bugflow Experiment Page]
-Hyporheic Anoxia in the Lees Ferry Reach
+[https://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/primary_production.aspx Measuring Primary Production in the Lees Ferry Reach]
-Downstream Recovery of the Foodbase Community in Several Colorado River Tailwaters
+[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=The_Bugflow_Experiment The BugFlow Experiment]
-Oviposition and Egg Desiccation
+[https://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/citizen_science_monitoring.aspx Citizen Science Insect Monitoring]
-*[http://www.usu.edu/buglab/Projects/CurrentProjects/#item=123 Macroinvertebrate Oviposition (egg-laying) Habitat Preferences on the Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam]
-[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodwebs_and_Bioenergetics '''Foodwebs and Bioenergetics''']
+Hyporheic Anoxia in the Lees Ferry Reach
-Drift and Food Availability
+Downstream Recovery of the Foodbase Community in Several Colorado River Tailwaters
-*[http://www.usu.edu/buglab/Projects/CurrentProjects/#item=33 Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages and trout foraging to hydropeaking]
+[[Drift and Food Availability Studies]]
 |-
@@ Line 102: / Line 106: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
-*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2001 Foodbase PEP]
+*2012 Foodbase PEP
 *[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2004 Foodbase PEP]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Foodbase_PEP 2001 Foodbase PEP]
 |-
@@ Line 109: / Line 114: @@
 |-
 |style="color:#000;"|
+'''2024'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2024-01-25-twg-meeting/20240125-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectFUpdateLeadDecompositionBatMonitoringAquaticInsects-508-UCRO.pdf Project F update: Lead decomposition, bat monitoring, aquatic insects ]
+'''2023'''
+*[https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2022-0229 Hansen et al., 2023, Linking ecosystem processes to consumer growth rates—Gross primary productivity as a driver of freshwater fish somatic growth in a resource-limited river: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]
+*[https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22414 Metcalfe et al., 2023, Insectivorous bat foraging tracks the availability of aquatic flies (Diptera), The Journal of Wildlife Management]
+*[https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10381 Yard et al., 2023, Declines in prey production during the collapse of a tailwater rainbow trout population are associated with changing reservoir conditions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-AnnualReportingMeeting-MolecularModelingToolsTrackingFoodBaseDynamicsChangingEnvironments-508-UCRO.pdf Molecular and modeling tools for tracking food base dynamics in changing environments]
+*[[Media:BAO_Approved-LHansen-Rev_Poster.pdf| A Decade of GPP Data in a Changing River]]
+*[[Media:Wehr-Wrey-Stevens_diatoms.pdf| Changes in epiphytic diatoms in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam following reduced flow variation]]
+'''2022'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-02-10-amwg-meeting/20220210-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring ]
+'''2021'''
+*[[Media:Abernethy 2021 Hydropeaking intensity.pdf| Abernethy et al., 2021, Hydropeaking intensity and dam proximity limit aquatic invertebrate diversity in the Colorado River Basin: Ecosphere]]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-MacroinvertebrateOvipositionHabitatSelectivityEgg-MassDesiccationTolerances-508-UCRO.pdf Macroinvertebrate Oviposition Habitat Selectivity and Egg-Mass Desiccation Tolerances: Implications For Population Dynamics In Large Regulated Rivers ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-DistributionImpactsBenthicHyporheicAnoxiaColoradoRiverEcosystem-508-UCRO.pdf Distribution and Impacts of Benthic and Hyporheic Anoxia on the Colorado River Ecosystem Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2021-02-11-amwg-meeting/20210211-NutrientsPrimaryProductionColoradoRiverFoodbase-508-UCRO.pdf Nutrients, Primary Production, and the Colorado River Foodbase ]
+'''2020'''
+*[https://www.sryahwapublications.com/annals-of-ecology-and-environmental-science/pdf/v4-i2/1.pdf Stevens et al. 2020. Benthic discontinuity between an unregulated tributary and the dam-controlled Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science.]
+*[https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13617 Metcalfe et al., 2020, Net‐spinning caddisfly distribution in large regulated rivers: Freshwater Biology]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-10-15-twg-meeting/20201015-ColoradoRiverAquaticFoodbaseStudiesTapeatsCreek-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Aquatic Foodbase Studies at Tapeats Creek, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: A Benthic Discontinuity ]
+*[https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/ecosystems/science/episode-2-citizen-science?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects Citizen Science - podcast ]
+*[[Media:Metcalfe 2020 Spatial population structure aquatic insect CR Basin.pdf|Metcalfe et al., 2020, Spatial population structure of a widespread aquatic insect in the Colorado River Basin--Evidence for a Hydropsyche oslari species complex: Freshwater Science]]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-01-13-twg-meeting/20200113-AnnualReportingMeeting-TroutRecruitmentGrowthPopulationDynamics-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf TRGD: Trout Recruitment, Growth and Population Dynamics ]
+'''2019'''
+*[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.2583 Behn, K. E., and C. V. Baxter. 2019. The trophic ecology of a desert river fish assemblage: influence of season and hydrologic variability. Ecosphere 10(1):e02583]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2019-03-14-twg-meeting/20190314-BigFloodSmallFloodSpringFloodFallFloodHFETimingAffectsFoodBaseResponse-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Big Flood, Small Flood, Spring Flood, Fall Flood: HFE timing affects food base response? Presentation ]
+'''2018'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-10-10-twg-meeting/Attach_09.pdf Future CRE Foodbase Research and Management PPT]
+*[[Media:Ellsworth TWG Meeting 20180626.pdf| Caddisfly outbreak on the Colorado River below Davis Dam Laughlin NV / Bullhead City AZ]]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/18jun25/Attach_12.pdf Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons PPT (Tapeats Creek study)]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/18jan25/AR09.pdf Shedding light on aquatic insects of the Colorado River Basin with citizen science PPT]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/18jan25/AR08.pdf Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons: Anoxic substrates and Tapeats Creek studies PPT]
+*[https://www.lcrmscp.gov/crab/presentations/2018/crab18_21.pdf Aquatic invertebrate drift patterns downstream of Colorado River Basin dams]
+*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13109 Sabo et al., 2018, Pulsed flows, tributary inputs, and food web structure in a highly regulated river: Journal of Applied Ecology ]
 '''2017'''
+*[https://doi.org/10.1086/694539 Walters et al., 2017, A digital reference collection for aquatic macroinvertebrates of North America: Freshwater Science, v. 36, no. 4, p. 693-697]
+*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0365 Muehlbauer et al. 2016. Deleterious effects of net clogging on the quantification of stream drift: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]
 *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR18_Muehlbauer.pdf  Fluvial Aquatic Ecology of the Colorado River (… especially Lees Ferry)]
 *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf  Floods, Flows and the Aquatic Foodbase PPT]
@@ Line 116: / Line 165: @@
 '''2016'''
+*[[Media:Kennedy 2016 HydropowerEPT.pdf| Kennedy et al. 2016. Flow Management for Hydropower Extirpates Aquatic Insects, Undermining River Food Webs. BioScience]]
 *[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/16aug24/Attach_07a.pdf  Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center Science Updates (BO Compliance, Trout Updates, Green Sunfish, Fisheries PEP, Partners in Science)]
-*[http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3053/fs20163053.pdf Voichick et al. 2016. Water clarity of the Colorado River—Implications for food webs and fish communities: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3053, 4 p.]
 *[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/16aug24/Attach_11b.pdf Aquatic Foodbase of the Little Colorado River]
-*[[Media:Kennedy 2016 HydropowerEPT.pdf| Kennedy et al. 2016. Flow Management for Hydropower Extirpates Aquatic Insects, Undermining River Food Webs. BioScience]]
-*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/16jan26/documents/AR16_Muehlbauer.pdf  Food availability in the Little Colorado River over space and time]
-*A Life History Bottleneck for Aquatic Insects Arising from Load Following
 '''2015'''
+*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/documents/publication/Walters-et-al-2015.pdf Walters et al. 2015. Mercury and selenium accumulation in the Colorado River food web, Grand Canyon, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2015-10-20-twg-meeting/Attach_08b.pdf Mercury and Selenium levels in the Grand Canyon foodweb]
 *[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/15jan20/Attach_11.pdf  Invertebrate drift in Glen Canyon 2007-2013]
@@ Line 135: / Line 182: @@
 '''2013'''
-*[[Media:Miller and Judson-2013-DriftAndHydropeaking.pdf| Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71: 675–687]]
+*[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3039/fs2013-3039.pdf Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses]
+*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/documents/publication/Cross%20et%20al.%202013.pdf Cross et al. 2013. Food-web dynamics in a large river discontinuum. Ecological Monographs]
+*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Kennedy%20et%20al.%20FWB%20proofs.pdf  Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology.]
+*[http://www.uwyo.edu/bhall/reprints/wellard_kelly2013.pdf Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science.]
+*[[Media:Miller and Judson-2013-DriftAndHydropeaking.pdf| Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]]
 *[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13nov06/Attach_02a.pdf GCMRC Update - Status of Resources and Sediment Conditions]
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/WellardKelley_et%20al.%202013.pdf  Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam]
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Kennedy%20et%20al.%20FWB%20proofs.pdf  Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river]
 *[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/annaul_reporting/Tuesday%201_22_13/6.%20Kennedy_2013Annual%20Report.pdf  Annual Reporting Meeting: Foodbase Update]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13jan24/7_Kennedy.pdf Foodbase Update]
 '''2012'''
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Hall%20et%20al.%202012.pdf  Air –water oxygen exchange in a large whitewater river]
 *[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/01apr12/Attach_08a.pdf Temperatures, TCD, and Food Base]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/12apr16/Attach_07a.pdf Final Report of the Aquatic Food Base Study and Protocol Evaluation Panel and PPT]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/12apr16/Attach_07b.pdf Long-term Food Web and Ecosystem Monitoring]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/12apr16/Attach_07c.pdf Foodbase Monitoring and Research: Response to PEP PPT]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/12feb22/Attach_08.pdf GCMRC Updates and PPT]
+*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/about/ka/KA%202%20-%2010-19-11/AM%20Talks/Kennedy_Food%20Base_2011_KA2.pdf Food Base 2011 KA2]
 '''2011'''
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Cross%20et%20al.%202011_EA.pdf  Ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: Food web response to a controlled flood on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon]
+*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Cross%20et%20al.%202011_EA.pdf Cross et al. 2011. Ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: Food web response to a controlled flood on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Ecological Applications, 21(6), 2011, pp. 2016–2033]
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Donner_Thesis%202011.pdf  Secondary production rates, consumption rates, and trophic basis of production of fishes in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, AZ: An assessment of potential competition for food]
-*[http://http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Zahn_Thesis_2011.pdf  Diet overlap and competition among native and non-native small-bodied fishes in the Colorado River, Arizona]
 '''2010'''
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Wellard%20Kelly_Thesis%202010.pdf  Resource composition and macroinvertebrate resource consumption in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam]
+*[[Media:2010 Rosi HFEs Foodbase.pdf| Rosi-Marshall et al., 2010, Short-term effects of the 2008 high-flow experiment on macroinvertebrates in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1031, 28 p.]]
+*[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a521/0fc25d8781a5511fbb50947f8a38c9c5ded2.pdf Wellard-Kelly, 2010, Resource Composition and Macroinvertebrate Resource Consumption in the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam. Master's Theses. ]
+*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/McKinney1999f.pdf McKinney et al., 2010, Macroinvertebrate drift in the tailwater of a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist]
+*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/Cross_website/Publications_files/Cross%20et%20al.%202010.pdf Cross et al. 2010. Invasion and production of New Zealand mud snails in the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Biol Invasions]
 *[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1031/of2010-1031.pdf  Short-Term Effects of the 2008 High-Flow Experiment on Macroinvertebrates in Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona]
 *[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1075/of2010-1075.pdf  Basal Resources in Backwaters of the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam—Effects of Discharge Regimes and Comparison with Mainstem Depositional Environments]
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Hall%20et%20al.%20from%20sir2010-5135.pdf  Aquatic production and carbon flow in the Colorado River Pages 105-112 in Proceedings of the Colorado River Basin Science and Resource Management Symposium, November 18–20, 2008, Scottsdale, Arizona]
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Cross%20et%20al.%202010.pdf  Invasion and production of New Zealand mud snails in the Colorado River, Glen Canyon]
+'''2009'''
+*[https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2122&context=wnan Blinn and Ruiter, 2009, "Caddisfly (Trichoptera) assemblages along major river drainages in Arizona," Western North American Naturalist]
+*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/physical/hydrology/Oberlin1999.pdf Oberlin et al., 2009, Watershed Influence on the Macroinvertebrate Fauna of Ten Major Tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/amwg/mtgs/09apr29/Attach_03a.pdf AIF: Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) Update]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/09mar16/Attach_05.pdf Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center updates by Program Managers]
+'''2003'''
+*[[Media:2003 Haden benthic structure CR.pdf| Haden et al. 2003. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist]]
+'''2001'''
+*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/FoodBase/Shannon2001b.pdf Shannon et al. 2001. Aquatic food base response to the 1996 test flood below Glen Canyon Dam, Colorado River, Arizona. Ecological Applications, 11(3), 2001, pp. 672–685.]
+'''2000'''
+*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/Blinn2000.pdf Blinn et al. 2000. Environmental Conditions Associated with Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp and Miscellaneous Algae, Macrophytes, and Bryophytes (MAMB). Report to GCMRC. ]
 '''1999'''
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/Oberlin1999.pdf  Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona]
+*Oberlin, G. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1999. Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 44:17–30.
+*Haden, G. A., D. W. Blinn, and J. P. Shannon. 1999. Driftwood: an alternative habitat for macroinvertebrates in a large southwestern river. Hydrobiologia 397:179–186.
+*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/Oberlin1999.pdf Oberlin et al. Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist 44(1):17-30. ]
+'''1998'''
+*Stevens, L. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1998. Colorado river benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: dam, tributary and geomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers.
+*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/Blinn1998b.pdf Blinn et al. 1998. Algal ecology in the tailwater stream communities: The Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. J, Phycol. M, 734-740 (1998)]
+*[http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3242&context=gbn Stevens et al. 1998. Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, II: factors influencing distribution. Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 58: No. 2, Article 2]
+'''1997'''
+*Stevens, L. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1997. Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: dam, tributary and geomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 13:129–149.
+*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/PhysicalResources2/Shaver1997.pdf Shaver et al. Effects of suspended sediment and desiccation on the benthic tailwater community in the Colorado River, USA. Hydrobiologia 357: 63–72, 1997. ]
+*[http://www.academia.edu/29251275/Colorado_River_benthic_ecology_in_Grand_Canyon Stevens et al. 1997. Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Dam, tributary, and gomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, Vol. 13, 129–149 (1997)]
+'''1994'''
+*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227682979_Trophic_interactions_and_benthic_animal_community_structure_in_the_Colorado_River_Arizona_USA Shannon et al. 1994. Trophic interactions and benthic animal community structure in the Colorado River, Arizona, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 31(2):213 - 220.]
 '''1991'''
-*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/FoodBase/Haury1991.pdf  Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek]
+*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/FoodBase/Haury1991.pdf  Haury 1991. Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek]
+*[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/gces/Blinn1991.pdf Blinn and Cole. 1991. Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions. In Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management.]
-'''1988'''
+'''1990'''
-*[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/Aquatic/Leibfried1988.pdf  The utilization of Cladophora glomerata and epiphytic diatoms as a food resource by rainbow trout in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona]
+*[https://www.nap.edu/read/1832/chapter/8 Blin and Cole, 1990, Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions]
 '''1981'''
-*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/GrandCanyon/Carothers1981.pdf  A survey of the aquatic flora and fauna of the Grand Canyon]
+*[http://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/GrandCanyon/Carothers1981.pdf  Carothers and Minckley. 1981. A survey of the aquatic flora and fauna of the Grand Canyon: A Survey of the Fishes, Aquatic Invertebrates and Aquatic Plants of the Colorado River and Selected Tributaries form Lee Ferry to Separation Rapids. Final Report to DOI]
 '''1959'''
-*[http://core.tdar.org/document/92630/ecological-studies-of-the-flora-and-fauna-in-glen-canyon  Ecological Studies of the Flora and Fauna in Glen Canyon (Woodbury 1959)]
+*[http://core.tdar.org/document/92630/ecological-studies-of-the-flora-and-fauna-in-glen-canyon  Woodbury et al. 1959. Ecological Studies of the Flora and Fauna in Glen Canyon. Anthropological Papers (Glen Canyon Series Number 7) ,40. Salt Lake City, Ut: University of Utah Press.  ]
 |-
@@ Line 177: / Line 261: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
-[[File:P1020356.JPG|center|400px]] <br>
+===The interaction of fish, foodbase, and temperature===
-Caddis hatch below Parker Dam. There are several species of EPT below Parker and Davis Dam in spite of daily fluctuations that exceed 6 feet per day.
+Fish occupying warmer water have higher metabolic demands than individuals in cooler water, and if these demands increase concurrently with a seasonal decline in prey availability, then growth rates may be reduced. [http://wec.ufl.edu/floridarivers/NSE/Finch%20RRA%20HBC%20Growth%20NSE.pdf]
-[[File:MacroinvertEggmasses.jpg|center|400px]]
-Macroinvertebrate egg masses on the Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam
 ----
+*Gammarus, blackflies, and midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
-*Black Flies and Midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
+*Blackflies and midges respond positively to spring HFE's. Gammarus show little response to fall or spring HFEs.
-*Black Flies and Midges respond positively to spring HFE's.
+*Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.
-*Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.
 |}
-----