Difference between revisions of "FOOD BASE"

Latest revision as of 16:20, 22 August 2024

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf

Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon

Aquatic insects live in the water as larvae most of their lives, then emerge onto land for a brief period as winged adults. Sampling these emerged adults on land is therefore a useful tool for understanding the condition of the aquatic insect population that is in the water, particularly in large rivers where sampling the larvae on the river bed is impractical. Aquatic insects have a terrestrial, winged adult life stage in which they leave the water and fly onto land in order to find a mate and reproduce. [1]

LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base

No resource goal was identified for the aquatic food base. It was deemed more as "a means to an end" with regard to meeting goals for humpback chub, other native fish, and the rainbow trout fishery.

Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base

The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.

EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition	Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes	Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Updates

Variable phosphorus release from Glen Canyon Dam controls tailwater food webs https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-pHRegulatesPhosphorusCyclingColoradoRiver-508-UCRO.pdf

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf

Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses

Links and Information
GCMRC Annual Reports page Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Glen and Grand Canyons wiki page Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes wiki page Nutrients wiki page Humpback Chub wiki page Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery wiki page GCMRC Aquatic Food Base Lab USU Buglab USU Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Key Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of NY
Foodbase Projects
Oviposition and Egg Desiccation Studies Foodwebs and Bioenergetics Studies Measuring Primary Production in the Lees Ferry Reach The BugFlow Experiment Citizen Science Insect Monitoring Hyporheic Anoxia in the Lees Ferry Reach Downstream Recovery of the Foodbase Community in Several Colorado River Tailwaters Drift and Food Availability Studies
Foodbase PEP
2012 Foodbase PEP 2004 Foodbase PEP 2001 Foodbase PEP
Papers and Presentations
2024 Project F update: Lead decomposition, bat monitoring, aquatic insects 2023 Hansen et al., 2023, Linking ecosystem processes to consumer growth rates—Gross primary productivity as a driver of freshwater fish somatic growth in a resource-limited river: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Metcalfe et al., 2023, Insectivorous bat foraging tracks the availability of aquatic flies (Diptera), The Journal of Wildlife Management Yard et al., 2023, Declines in prey production during the collapse of a tailwater rainbow trout population are associated with changing reservoir conditions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Molecular and modeling tools for tracking food base dynamics in changing environments A Decade of GPP Data in a Changing River Changes in epiphytic diatoms in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam following reduced flow variation 2022 Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring 2021 Abernethy et al., 2021, Hydropeaking intensity and dam proximity limit aquatic invertebrate diversity in the Colorado River Basin: Ecosphere Macroinvertebrate Oviposition Habitat Selectivity and Egg-Mass Desiccation Tolerances: Implications For Population Dynamics In Large Regulated Rivers Distribution and Impacts of Benthic and Hyporheic Anoxia on the Colorado River Ecosystem Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona Nutrients, Primary Production, and the Colorado River Foodbase 2020 Stevens et al. 2020. Benthic discontinuity between an unregulated tributary and the dam-controlled Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science. Metcalfe et al., 2020, Net‐spinning caddisfly distribution in large regulated rivers: Freshwater Biology Colorado River Aquatic Foodbase Studies at Tapeats Creek, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: A Benthic Discontinuity Citizen Science - podcast Metcalfe et al., 2020, Spatial population structure of a widespread aquatic insect in the Colorado River Basin--Evidence for a Hydropsyche oslari species complex: Freshwater Science TRGD: Trout Recruitment, Growth and Population Dynamics 2019 Behn, K. E., and C. V. Baxter. 2019. The trophic ecology of a desert river fish assemblage: influence of season and hydrologic variability. Ecosphere 10(1):e02583 Big Flood, Small Flood, Spring Flood, Fall Flood: HFE timing affects food base response? Presentation 2018 Future CRE Foodbase Research and Management PPT Caddisfly outbreak on the Colorado River below Davis Dam Laughlin NV / Bullhead City AZ Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons PPT (Tapeats Creek study) Shedding light on aquatic insects of the Colorado River Basin with citizen science PPT Colorado River Benthic Foodbase Studies in Glen and Grand Canyons: Anoxic substrates and Tapeats Creek studies PPT Aquatic invertebrate drift patterns downstream of Colorado River Basin dams Sabo et al., 2018, Pulsed flows, tributary inputs, and food web structure in a highly regulated river: Journal of Applied Ecology 2017 Walters et al., 2017, A digital reference collection for aquatic macroinvertebrates of North America: Freshwater Science, v. 36, no. 4, p. 693-697 Muehlbauer et al. 2016. Deleterious effects of net clogging on the quantification of stream drift: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Fluvial Aquatic Ecology of the Colorado River (… especially Lees Ferry) Floods, Flows and the Aquatic Foodbase PPT The Grand Beyond: Aquatic Foodbase of the Upper Colorado River Basin 2016 Kennedy et al. 2016. Flow Management for Hydropower Extirpates Aquatic Insects, Undermining River Food Webs. BioScience Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center Science Updates (BO Compliance, Trout Updates, Green Sunfish, Fisheries PEP, Partners in Science) Aquatic Foodbase of the Little Colorado River 2015 Walters et al. 2015. Mercury and selenium accumulation in the Colorado River food web, Grand Canyon, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Mercury and Selenium levels in the Grand Canyon foodweb Invertebrate drift in Glen Canyon 2007-2013 2014 Citizen Science Insect Monitoring: A Powerful Tool for Detecting Ecosystem Change Science Updates - Recent Research on Sand, Bugs, and Fish Foodbase Enhancement Suggestions from Federation of Fly Fishers Foodbase Findings Low flows in Glen Canyon: preliminary geomorphic analysis of the potential effects on fish and food base (Melis) 2013 Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses Cross et al. 2013. Food-web dynamics in a large river discontinuum. Ecological Monographs Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology. Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science. Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. GCMRC Update - Status of Resources and Sediment Conditions Annual Reporting Meeting: Foodbase Update Foodbase Update 2012 Temperatures, TCD, and Food Base Final Report of the Aquatic Food Base Study and Protocol Evaluation Panel and PPT Long-term Food Web and Ecosystem Monitoring Foodbase Monitoring and Research: Response to PEP PPT GCMRC Updates and PPT Food Base 2011 KA2 2011 Cross et al. 2011. Ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: Food web response to a controlled flood on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Ecological Applications, 21(6), 2011, pp. 2016–2033 2010 Rosi-Marshall et al., 2010, Short-term effects of the 2008 high-flow experiment on macroinvertebrates in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1031, 28 p. Wellard-Kelly, 2010, Resource Composition and Macroinvertebrate Resource Consumption in the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam. Master's Theses. McKinney et al., 2010, Macroinvertebrate drift in the tailwater of a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist Cross et al. 2010. Invasion and production of New Zealand mud snails in the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Biol Invasions Short-Term Effects of the 2008 High-Flow Experiment on Macroinvertebrates in Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona Basal Resources in Backwaters of the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam—Effects of Discharge Regimes and Comparison with Mainstem Depositional Environments 2009 Blinn and Ruiter, 2009, "Caddisfly (Trichoptera) assemblages along major river drainages in Arizona," Western North American Naturalist Oberlin et al., 2009, Watershed Influence on the Macroinvertebrate Fauna of Ten Major Tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist AIF: Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) Update Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center updates by Program Managers 2003 Haden et al. 2003. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist 2001 Shannon et al. 2001. Aquatic food base response to the 1996 test flood below Glen Canyon Dam, Colorado River, Arizona. Ecological Applications, 11(3), 2001, pp. 672–685. 2000 Blinn et al. 2000. Environmental Conditions Associated with Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp and Miscellaneous Algae, Macrophytes, and Bryophytes (MAMB). Report to GCMRC. 1999 Oberlin, G. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1999. Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 44:17–30. Haden, G. A., D. W. Blinn, and J. P. Shannon. 1999. Driftwood: an alternative habitat for macroinvertebrates in a large southwestern river. Hydrobiologia 397:179–186. Oberlin et al. Watershed influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna of ten major tributaries of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist 44(1):17-30. 1998 Stevens, L. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1998. Colorado river benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: dam, tributary and geomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers. Blinn et al. 1998. Algal ecology in the tailwater stream communities: The Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. J, Phycol. M, 734-740 (1998) Stevens et al. 1998. Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, II: factors influencing distribution. Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 58: No. 2, Article 2 1997 Stevens, L. E., J. P. Shannon, and D. W. Blinn. 1997. Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: dam, tributary and geomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 13:129–149. Shaver et al. Effects of suspended sediment and desiccation on the benthic tailwater community in the Colorado River, USA. Hydrobiologia 357: 63–72, 1997. Stevens et al. 1997. Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Dam, tributary, and gomorphological influences. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, Vol. 13, 129–149 (1997) 1994 Shannon et al. 1994. Trophic interactions and benthic animal community structure in the Colorado River, Arizona, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 31(2):213 - 220. 1991 Haury 1991. Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek Blinn and Cole. 1991. Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions. In Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management. 1990 Blin and Cole, 1990, Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions 1981 Carothers and Minckley. 1981. A survey of the aquatic flora and fauna of the Grand Canyon: A Survey of the Fishes, Aquatic Invertebrates and Aquatic Plants of the Colorado River and Selected Tributaries form Lee Ferry to Separation Rapids. Final Report to DOI 1959 Woodbury et al. 1959. Ecological Studies of the Flora and Fauna in Glen Canyon. Anthropological Papers (Glen Canyon Series Number 7) ,40. Salt Lake City, Ut: University of Utah Press.
Other Stuff
The interaction of fish, foodbase, and temperature Fish occupying warmer water have higher metabolic demands than individuals in cooler water, and if these demands increase concurrently with a seasonal decline in prey availability, then growth rates may be reduced. [2] Gammarus, blackflies, and midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam. Blackflies and midges respond positively to spring HFE's. Gammarus show little response to fall or spring HFEs. Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.

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 </table>
-[[File:FoodbaseDiversity.jpg]]
+[[File:FoodbaseModel.PNG|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf ]]
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-=='''The Aquatic Food Base below Glen Canyon Dam'''==
+=='''Aquatic Food Base monitoring below Glen Canyon Dam and into Grand Canyon'''==
-The most abundant aquatic macroinvertebrates within the Glen Canyon reach include ''Gammarus lacustris'' (an introduced non-native amphipod), midges (order Diptera, family Chironomidae), snails (''Physella'' sp. and ''Fossaria obrussa''), segmented worms (especially Lumbricidae and Lumbriculidae) and other aquatic worms (Naididae and Tubificidae), fingernail clams in the family Sphaeriidae (''Pisidium variable'' and ''P. walkeri''), and the planarian Dugesia spp. (Blinn et al. 1992; Stevens, Shannon et al. 1997). Prior to 1995, snails were infrequently observed, but have since increased in abundance due to invasion by the non-native New Zealand mudsnail (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'') (Valdez and Speas 2007; Cross et al. 2010). The mainstem Colorado River in Glen and Grand Canyons supports very few species or individuals of native mayflies, stoneflies, or caddisflies because of a combination of stressors, including altered temperature regimes and a pronounced varial zone (Stevens, Shannon, et al. 1997; Kennedy et al. 2016). Some tributaries of the Colorado River, along with backwaters and off-channel ponds, have higher diversity and densities of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies compared to the mainstem. (2018 Expanded Non-Native Aquatic Species Management Plan EA)
+Aquatic insects live in the water as larvae most of their lives, then emerge onto land for a brief period as winged adults. Sampling these emerged adults on land is therefore a useful tool for understanding the condition of the aquatic insect population that is in the water, particularly in large rivers where sampling the larvae on the river bed is impractical. Aquatic insects have a terrestrial, winged adult life stage in which they leave the water and fly onto land in order to find a mate and reproduce.  [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sbsc/science/aquatic-insects?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects]
-==[[Portal:Desired Future Conditions -DFCs| '''Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base''']]==
+==[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Long-term_Experimental_and_Management_Plan_(LTEMP) '''LTEMP Resource Goal for the Aquatic Food Base''']==
+No resource goal was identified for the aquatic food base. It was deemed more as "a means to an end" with regard to meeting goals for humpback chub, other native fish, and the rainbow trout fishery.
+==[[Portal:Desired Future Conditions -DFCs| '''Desired Future Condition for the Aquatic Food Base''']]==
 The aquatic food base will sustainably support viable populations of desired species at all trophic levels. Assure that an adequate, diverse, productive aquatic foodbase exists for fish and other aquatic and terrestrial species that depend on those food resources.<br>
@@ Line 37: / Line 39: @@
 ! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:EPT.jpg|center|500px]] [https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/strmRest/wshedCondition/EPTIndex.pdf EPT as Biologic Indicators of Stream Condition] <br>
 ! style="width=33%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Chara.jpg|center|200px]] [[Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes]] <br>
-! style="width=55%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Macroinvertebrates.jpg|center|400px]] [http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ Aquatic Macroinvertebrates] <br>
+! style="width=55%; background:#cedff2;" | [[File:Macroinvertebrates.jpg|center|400px]] [http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Aquatic_Macroinvertebrates Aquatic Macroinvertebrates] <br>
 |}
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
+[[File:NutrientsDrift.PNG|thumb|center|500px|Variable phosphorus release from Glen Canyon Dam controls tailwater food webs https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-pHRegulatesPhosphorusCyclingColoradoRiver-508-UCRO.pdf ]]
 [[File:2017AR LCRbiomass.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 [[File:2017AR MidgeAbundance.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 [[File:2017AR FoodbaseConclusions.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
 [[File:2017AR HFEsFoodbase2.jpg|thumb|center|500px| https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/17jan26/AR19_Kennedy.pdf ]]
+[[File:Cross 2016.JPG|thumb|center|500px|[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3039/fs2013-3039.pdf Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses] ]]
-|-
-! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> Aquatic macroinvertebrates found below Glen Canyon Dam </h2>
-|-
-|style="color:#000;"|
-[[File:GammarusLacustris.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Gammarus lacustris: an introduced non-native freshwater shrimp (amphipod)]]
-[[File:Midge.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Midge (larvae)]]
-[[File:Insect_leaf.png|thumb|center|500px|Midge (adult)]]
-[[File:Blackfly.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Blackfly (larvae)]]
 |}
@@ Line 75: / Line 68: @@
 |style="color:#000;"|
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Portal:GCDAMP_Knowlege_Assessments GCMRC Annual Reports page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Aquatic_Macroinvertebrates Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Glen and Grand Canyons wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Algae_and_Aquatic_Macrophytes Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Nutrients Nutrients wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Humpback_Chub_Page Humpback Chub wiki page]
+*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=FISHERY Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery wiki page]
 *[http://www.gcmrc.gov/research_areas/food_base/food_base_default.aspx GCMRC Aquatic Food Base Lab]
 *[http://www.usu.edu/buglab/ USU Buglab]
 *[http://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/macrokey/ USU Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Key]
 *[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/35772.html Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of NY]
-*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Algae_and_Aquatic_Macrophytes Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes Page]
-*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Nutrients Nutrients Page]
-*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=Humpback_Chub_Page Humpback Chub Page]
-*[http://gcdamp.com/index.php?title=FISHERY Lees Ferry Rainbow Trout Fishery Page]
 |-
@@ Line 119: / Line 114: @@
 |-
 |style="color:#000;"|
+'''2024'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2024-01-25-twg-meeting/20240125-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectFUpdateLeadDecompositionBatMonitoringAquaticInsects-508-UCRO.pdf Project F update: Lead decomposition, bat monitoring, aquatic insects ]
+'''2023'''
+*[https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2022-0229 Hansen et al., 2023, Linking ecosystem processes to consumer growth rates—Gross primary productivity as a driver of freshwater fish somatic growth in a resource-limited river: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]
+*[https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22414 Metcalfe et al., 2023, Insectivorous bat foraging tracks the availability of aquatic flies (Diptera), The Journal of Wildlife Management]
+*[https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10381 Yard et al., 2023, Declines in prey production during the collapse of a tailwater rainbow trout population are associated with changing reservoir conditions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-AnnualReportingMeeting-MolecularModelingToolsTrackingFoodBaseDynamicsChangingEnvironments-508-UCRO.pdf Molecular and modeling tools for tracking food base dynamics in changing environments]
+*[[Media:BAO_Approved-LHansen-Rev_Poster.pdf| A Decade of GPP Data in a Changing River]]
+*[[Media:Wehr-Wrey-Stevens_diatoms.pdf| Changes in epiphytic diatoms in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam following reduced flow variation]]
+'''2022'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2022-02-10-amwg-meeting/20220210-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-01-13-twg-meeting/20220113-AnnualReportingMeeting-ProjectF-AquaticEcologyFoodBaseMonitoring-508-UCRO.pdf Project F: Aquatic ecology and food base monitoring ]
+'''2021'''
+*[[Media:Abernethy 2021 Hydropeaking intensity.pdf| Abernethy et al., 2021, Hydropeaking intensity and dam proximity limit aquatic invertebrate diversity in the Colorado River Basin: Ecosphere]]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-MacroinvertebrateOvipositionHabitatSelectivityEgg-MassDesiccationTolerances-508-UCRO.pdf Macroinvertebrate Oviposition Habitat Selectivity and Egg-Mass Desiccation Tolerances: Implications For Population Dynamics In Large Regulated Rivers ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2021-04-14-twg-meeting/20210414-DistributionImpactsBenthicHyporheicAnoxiaColoradoRiverEcosystem-508-UCRO.pdf Distribution and Impacts of Benthic and Hyporheic Anoxia on the Colorado River Ecosystem Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2021-02-11-amwg-meeting/20210211-NutrientsPrimaryProductionColoradoRiverFoodbase-508-UCRO.pdf Nutrients, Primary Production, and the Colorado River Foodbase ]
+'''2020'''
+*[https://www.sryahwapublications.com/annals-of-ecology-and-environmental-science/pdf/v4-i2/1.pdf Stevens et al. 2020. Benthic discontinuity between an unregulated tributary and the dam-controlled Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science.]
+*[https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13617 Metcalfe et al., 2020, Net‐spinning caddisfly distribution in large regulated rivers: Freshwater Biology]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-10-15-twg-meeting/20201015-ColoradoRiverAquaticFoodbaseStudiesTapeatsCreek-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Aquatic Foodbase Studies at Tapeats Creek, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: A Benthic Discontinuity ]
+*[https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/ecosystems/science/episode-2-citizen-science?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects Citizen Science - podcast ]
+*[[Media:Metcalfe 2020 Spatial population structure aquatic insect CR Basin.pdf|Metcalfe et al., 2020, Spatial population structure of a widespread aquatic insect in the Colorado River Basin--Evidence for a Hydropsyche oslari species complex: Freshwater Science]]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-01-13-twg-meeting/20200113-AnnualReportingMeeting-TroutRecruitmentGrowthPopulationDynamics-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf TRGD: Trout Recruitment, Growth and Population Dynamics ]
 '''2019'''
 *[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.2583 Behn, K. E., and C. V. Baxter. 2019. The trophic ecology of a desert river fish assemblage: influence of season and hydrologic variability. Ecosphere 10(1):e02583]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2019-03-14-twg-meeting/20190314-BigFloodSmallFloodSpringFloodFallFloodHFETimingAffectsFoodBaseResponse-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Big Flood, Small Flood, Spring Flood, Fall Flood: HFE timing affects food base response? Presentation ]
 '''2018'''
@@ Line 157: / Line 182: @@
 '''2013'''
+*[https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3039/fs2013-3039.pdf Native and Nonnative Fish Populations of the Colorado River are Food Limited—Evidence from New Food Web Analyses]
+*[http://www.montana.edu/wcross/documents/publication/Cross%20et%20al.%202013.pdf Cross et al. 2013. Food-web dynamics in a large river discontinuum. Ecological Monographs]
 *[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/foodbase/Kennedy%20et%20al.%20FWB%20proofs.pdf  Kennedy et al. 2013. The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river. Freshwater Biology.]
-*[http://www.uwyo.edu/bhall/reprints/wellard_kelly2013.pdf Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science, 32(2):397-410. 2013.]
+*[http://www.uwyo.edu/bhall/reprints/wellard_kelly2013.pdf Wellard-Kelly et al. 2013. Macroinvertebrate diets reflect tributary inputs and turbidity-driven changes in food availability in the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. Freshwater Science.]
-*[[Media:Miller and Judson-2013-DriftAndHydropeaking.pdf| Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71: 675–687]]
+*[[Media:Miller and Judson-2013-DriftAndHydropeaking.pdf| Miller and Judson. 2013. Responses of macroinvertebrate drift, benthic assemblages, and trout foraging to hydropeaking. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.]]
 *[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/13nov06/Attach_02a.pdf GCMRC Update - Status of Resources and Sediment Conditions]
 *[http://www.gcmrc.gov/about/annaul_reporting/Tuesday%201_22_13/6.%20Kennedy_2013Annual%20Report.pdf  Annual Reporting Meeting: Foodbase Update]
@@ Line 176: / Line 203: @@
 '''2010'''
+*[[Media:2010 Rosi HFEs Foodbase.pdf| Rosi-Marshall et al., 2010, Short-term effects of the 2008 high-flow experiment on macroinvertebrates in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1031, 28 p.]]
 *[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a521/0fc25d8781a5511fbb50947f8a38c9c5ded2.pdf Wellard-Kelly, 2010, Resource Composition and Macroinvertebrate Resource Consumption in the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon Dam. Master's Theses. ]
 *[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/biological/Foodbase/McKinney1999f.pdf McKinney et al., 2010, Macroinvertebrate drift in the tailwater of a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist]
@@ Line 188: / Line 216: @@
 *[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/amp/twg/mtgs/09mar16/Attach_05.pdf Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center updates by Program Managers]
-'''2002'''
+'''2003'''
-*[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048%3C0023:BCSOTG%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Haden et al. 2002. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist]
+*[[Media:2003 Haden benthic structure CR.pdf| Haden et al. 2003. Benthic community structure of the Green and Colorado Rivers through Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist]]
 '''2001'''
@@ Line 216: / Line 244: @@
 '''1991'''
-*Blinn, D. W. and G. A. Cole. 1991. Algal and invertebrate biota in the Colorado River: comparison of pre- and post-dam conditions. In: National Research Council, editor, Colorado River ecology and dam management. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Pp. 102–123.
 *[http://www.riversimulator.org/Resources/GCMRC/FoodBase/Haury1991.pdf  Haury 1991. Zooplankton of the Colorado River: Glen Canyon Dam to Diamond Creek]
 *[https://www.gcmrc.gov/library/reports/gces/Blinn1991.pdf Blinn and Cole. 1991. Algal and Invertebrate Biota in the Colorado River: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Dam Conditions. In Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management.]
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+*Gammarus, blackflies, and midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
-*Black Flies and Midges fuel fish production below Glen Canyon Dam.
+*Blackflies and midges respond positively to spring HFE's. Gammarus show little response to fall or spring HFEs.
-*Black Flies and Midges respond positively to spring HFE's.
+*Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.
-*Mud Snails were introduced below Glen Canyon Dam around 1995.
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-Notably, several species of cold-tolerant nonnative invertebrates were intentionally introduced into the Colorado River after Glen Canyon Dam was closed in 1963. Altogether 10,000 immature mayflies were secured from a commercial source in Minnesota and released at three sites in the Lees Ferry reach. Also, 10,000 snails, 5,000 leeches, and thousands of insects representing at least 10 families were transported from the San Juan River in New Mexico to the river near Lees Ferry. In addition, 50,000 “scuds” (Gammarus lacustris) were introduced into Bright Angel Creek in 1932 and at Lees Ferry and below the dam in 1968, in addition to 2,000 crayfish taken from the LCR near Springerville, AZ (Blinn and Cole 1991). Gammarus lacustris has thrived in the cold, clear reaches below the dam, but the fate of the other introduced species is unknown.
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