Difference between revisions of "Green Sunfish Page"

2016

The NPS is hosting a webinar on October 27, 2016 for stakeholders and interested parties to develop a range of options for Long Term Risk Reduction for Green Sunfish in the -12 RM sloughs, and other invasive fish species and locations in the Lees Ferry Reach of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. This 'brainstorming' session will provide the basis for developing a range of alternatives to be analyzed in a Long Term Risk Reduction Plan and Environmental Assessment to be completed and implemented by October 2017. For more information contact Melissa Trammell at [email protected]

Sampling results from September 1-2, 2016
- 822 GSF total (806 in the upper slough, 16 in the lower); three YOY size classes + adults
- 22 CRP total (21 in upper, 1 in lower)
- 7 larval salamanders (all upper)
- 3 RBT (all lower)
- temperature in upper slough- 20.7 C (9/1)
- temperature in lower slough- 16.7 C (9/1, upper portion)

In August 2016, NPS reported the results of a survey they did in response to a report from AZGF that there may be green sunfish again in the Upper Slough in Glen Canyon. An infestation of green sunfish in this slough was why an HFE was not held in the fall of 2015. NPS reported on 8/16/2016: "Two Grand Canyon National Park technicians made a quick sample in the Upper Slough with a backpack electrofisher on Friday (August 12). Due to a river emergency downstream, they had limited time on site, but completed one sample (574 seconds) along the muddy shore on the river side of the slough. They captured 26 green sunfish and saw many more. Some captured green sunfish were in the 20 mm size range. A block net is still installed between the sloughs, but is compromised at current flows." NPS, Reclamation, USFWS, AZGF, and GCMRC are organizing to come up with both a short-term plan that addresses this latest infestation and to come up with a long-term fix for this problem. The hope is to have this addressed in some fashion before the end of the current HFE window as to not interfere with the possibility of conducting an HFE this fall.

2015

In July, 2015 AGFD biologists discovered an unusually large, reproducing population of invasive green sunfish in the slough. Green sunfish are prolific, with a single female producing up to 10,000 eggs. They are also voracious predators of native fish and their eggs. Biologists with the AGFD, NPS, USGS, FWS, and BOR determined that green sunfish pose a threat to native fish including the humpback chub (Gila cypha). A rapid response action is necessary to eradicate the population of sunfish before it spreads downstream into critical habitat for the endangered humpback chub. (2015 NPS Press Release) This resulted in the cancellation of the fall 2015 HFE.

Results from 2015 removals
- July 6: 43 (all lower slough)
- August 12-14: 954
- August 27-28: 2,574
- October 27-29: 775 (39 lower, 736 upper)
- November 15: 1,967 (chemical treatment; 180 lower, 1,787 upper)

Two-dimensional streamflow model of predicted water surface extent and depths in Lees Ferry, RM -12 slough showing full connection at modeled flows of 30,000 cfs.

Colorado River discharge and temperature measured at Lees Ferry from fall 2015 to fall 2016.

• Habitat Suitability Index Models: Green Sunfish
• Demo video that shows how to do an ammonia treatment to remove invasive aquatic species
• The High Flow Experiment (HFE) Page

2016

• Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center Science Updates (BO Compliance, Trout Updates, Green Sunfish, Fisheries PEP, Partners in Science)
• Green Sunfish Removal in a Colorado River Backwater Below Glen Canyon Dam
• Colorado River Slough Green Sunfish Removal
• Green Sunfish Rapid Response Treatment, Nov 2-6 and Nov 12-13, 2015 Brief Treatment Summary
• Installation of Nets to Contain Green Sunfish in Minus-12-Mile Slough, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Oct 6-7, 2015 Trip Report

2015

• Desert News: Rapid response treatment to remove invasive green sunfish from a backwater slough
• Green Sunfish Rapid Response Non-native Fish Control in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
• DOI: Approval of Recommendation for No Experimental High-Flow Release from Glen Canyon Dam, November 2015
• DOI Tech Team Report: Final Recommendation to Not Implement a Fall 2015 High Flow Experiment at Glen Canyon Dam
• GCMRC: Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus; Risk Assessment for the Colorado River ecosystem (CRe)
• Invasive species threats: Green sunfish
• Updates on 2014 HFE, 2015 Paria sediment inputs, and 2015 sediment mass balance

• Consideration of Propagule Size in the Establishment of Nonnative Fish in Reservoirs & Rivers
• see Appendix G: Propagule Pressure in the 2014 Upper Colorado River Basin Nonnative and Invasive Aquatic Species Prevention and Control Strategy

Summary of an email from Melissa Trammell (NPS) 9/7/16:

Melissa has been looking into deriving a defensible acceptable risk number of green sunfish in the lower slough before conducting an HFE this year. She has been evaluating some work done by retired FWS biologist Pat Martinez who has done extensive work evaluating illegal introductions of nonnative fish into various water bodies in the upper Colorado River Basin by looking at how many introductions, and the number of fish per introduction, were necessary before populations became established. The species Martinez examined were walleye, smallmouth bass, and northern pike; invasive species of concern in the upper Colorado River Basin. Green sunfish are most analogous to smallmouth bass in this example. If you look at slide 11 in his ppt, Martinez calculated that it took a mean of 1.25 adult SMB (a minimum of 0.25 SMB) per surface acre of receiving water body, to establish a population in the waterbodies he evaluated. He applied this value to rivers, particularly the Yampa River, by looking at total river miles times average width to get total surface acres. The point of the analysis was that the Program's removal targets for smallmouth bass for the Yampa River were about the same as the mean number needed for establishing a population, which indicated the Program needed to adjust their removal targets down.

Melissa noted that the calculation she gives below is a very conservative estimate, since GSF is less likely to establish a population in a river environment than a lake or pond, also, the calculation assumes the fish are adult, which is not the case for the GSF in the sloughs - they are primarily young-of-year. The calculation for the Colorado River below the sloughs down to the Little Colorado River, which is our area of primary concern, and applying the minimum of 0.25 fish per surface acre, suggests that 656 GSF released from the sloughs could establish a population somewhere in the Colorado River between Glen Canyon and the LCR. Given David Ward's (GCMRC) calculation that we captured about 12% of the total number of GSF present on any single electrofishing pass last year, that means a theoretical one-pass capture of 78 fish likely would represent a total population in the lower slough of 656 fish. Clay Nelson (GCMRC) only captured 4 (counting the ones in the little channel) in 40 minutes of sampling in the lower slough indicating that there were only about 33 GSF present in the lower slough when he sampled. Subsequent sampling on Sept 1-2 only produced 10 GSF in the lower slough; much lower densities than this risk assessment would consider problematic. Last year, in the lower slough, we removed about 1,800 GSF before the treatment, and collected about 200 afterwards. AGFD has suggested 100 GSF in the lower slough as an upper limit for an acceptable risk number and Ken (GCNRA) suggested 5 mature GSF/hour electrofishing. These are both much more conservative targets than the above calculations.

In summary, Melissa suggests that a very conservative acceptable risk value for the number of GSF in the lower slough prior to an HFE would be 300 GSF of any size, about 50% of the value calculated from Martinez' analysis. This number could either be calculated from depletion estimates as we progress through the removal effort, or by using 12% as the capture probability, thus a final pass should produce less than 36 total fish (12% of 300). If the number of fish remaining in the lower slough after all mechanical removal efforts is greater than that, she suggests moving towards implementing another rotenone treatment of the lower slough before conducting an HFE.

• Photos of the 2015 green sunfish treatment

The Effect of Temperature and Food Availability on Size-Specific Overwinter Survival in Age-0 bluegill.

Shoup, D.E., and Wahl, D.H. 2011. Body size, food, and temperature affect overwinter survival of age-0 bluegill. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140:1298-1304. Fish with protracted spawning often have high variability in length of age-0 fish in fall. Several studies from northern climates have found that early-spawned bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, which are larger and therefore have greater energy reserves going into winter, have greater overwinter survival than their smaller late-spawned cohorts. However, other studies investigating bluegill populations at lower latitudes have found that overwinter survival is not size-selective. To examine the interaction of size and winter severity on overwinter survival, we performed an experiment (2 x 2 x 2 factorial) with two size classes (20-30 mm and 50-60 mm) of age-0 bluegill held at two temperatures overwinter (9C and 4C), with or without food. Bluegill were housed in groups of 10 (n=6 replicates) in aquaria within environmental chambers.

Survival, growth, and condition factor were higher for fed than starved fish at both temperatures. Survival, growth, and condition factor were highest for fed fish at 9C, intermediate for both fed and unfed fish at 4C, and lowest for 9C starved fish. Large fish had similar survival to small fish when fed, but large fish had higher survival than small fish when they were starved. Activity levels during the experiment were highest for fed fish held at 9C. Activity levels were similar for unfed fish at 9C and fed fish at 4C; unfed fish at 4C had the lowest activity level. Fall and spring bluegill collected from 10 lakes in Illinois indicated that the pattern of overwinter mortality is highly variable among systems. We propose that winter food availability and winter severity interact to determine the extent of size-specific mortality experienced by age-0 bluegill in natural systems.