Difference between revisions of "HYDROPOWER"

Latest revision as of 11:32, 11 April 2024

Fly Around Video Clip of Generating Unit

The Hydropower Resource

Glen Canyon Dam is the second highest (710 feet) concrete-arch dam in the United States, second only to Hoover Dam which stands at 726 feet. The 26.2 million acre-feet of water storage capacity in Lake Powell, created by Glen Canyon Dam, serves as a ‘bank account’ of water that is drawn on in times of drought. This stored water has made it possible to successfully weather extended dry periods by sustaining the needs of cities, industries, and agriculture throughout the West.

Hydroelectric power produced by the dam’s eight generators helps meet the electrical needs of the West’s rapidly growing population. With a total capacity of 1,320 megawatts, Glen Canyon Powerplant produces around five billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power annually which is distributed by the Western Area Power Administration to Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Nebraska. In addition, revenues from production of hydropower help fund many important environmental programs associated with Glen and Grand canyons.

The designation of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in 1972, underscores the value and importance of the recreation benefits associated with Lake Powell and the Colorado River downstream of the dam. The GCNRA is managed by the National Park Service.

Glen Canyon Dam is the key water storage unit of the Colorado River Storage Project, one of the most complex and extensive river resource developments in the world. Without it, development of the Upper Colorado River Basin states’ portion of the Colorado River would not have been possible. [1]

LTEMP Resource Goal for the Hydropower Resource

Maintain or increase Glen Canyon Dam electric energy generation, load following capability, and ramp rate capability, and minimize emissions and costs to the greatest extent practicable, consistent with improvement and long-term sustainability of downstream resources.

Desired Future Condition for the Hydropower Resource

• Glen Canyon Dam capacity and energy generation is maintained and increased, so as to produce the greatest practicable amount of power and energy, consistent with the other DFCs.
• Ensure continued delivery of Glen Canyon Dam hydropower to the existing customers who have entered into long-term firm power contracts with WAPA.
• Ensure sufficient and efficient production of Glen Canyon Dam hydropower in order to provide the revenues to support the CRSP facilities and purposes.
• Maintain the operational flexibility (including but not limited to load following capability, ramp rates, and emergency operations allowances) that enable Reclamation and WAPA to meet the system operating and other regulatory requirements of WECC, North American Electric Reliability Corporation and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, as well as emergency operating criteria for safety and human health situations.
• Maximize the environmental benefits of hydropower generation at Glen Canyon Dam.
• Minimize carbon emissions through hydropower generation at Glen Canyon Dam.

---	Hydropower - Online Training	---

Updates
http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/2/23/Jeka_PPT_Western_CRPS_Aug_2013_AMWG.pdf http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/2/23/Jeka_PPT_Western_CRPS_Aug_2013_AMWG.pdf
How does operations at Glen Canyon Dam fit into operations with other CRSP hydropower units?
https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-01-25-twg-meeting/AR04.pdf
What is Regulation and how does Glen Canyon Dam provide it?
As a control area operator, Western “regulates” the transmission system within a prescribed geographic area. Western is required to react to moment-by-moment changes in electrical demand within this area. Regulation means that “automatic generation control” will be used to adjust the power output of electric generators within a prescribed area in response to changes in the system frequency, time error, and tie-line loading, to maintain the scheduled level of generation in accordance with prescribed NERC criteria. The “record” used to calculate the degree to which Western is responding to these change on the transmission system is called the “ACE” - Area Control Error. Hydro facilities such as Glen Canyon have an inherent design that allows them to respond rapidly to changes in power system demands. Other control area operators, across the nation, that do not have hydropower plants must either build small units (natural gas or oil-fired being the most likely) or add this capability to the design of larger units. The transmission system that Western distributes power through is dynamic. Load requirements are constantly changing as a result of either the demands of the customers connected to it or changes that occur in other interconnected power systems. Western maintains the ACE signal to record its response to the fluctuations in system “loading”; (an effort to maintain a balance between power being consumed and power being generated - described above). If more demand is placed on the transmission system than is being generated, the resulting ACE is negative. Generators automatically respond to this condition by increasing generation. If demand is less than generation, ACE is positive. Generators automatically respond to this condition by reducing generation. The targeted ACE is zero. The ACE signal that is sent to Glen Canyon where it is effectively added to, or subtracted from, the existing scheduled hourly generation base point. Therefore, at any moment during the day or night, Glen Canyon might be producing more or less power than the current hourly megawatt schedule. The ACE signal is transmitted to Glen Canyon Dam every four seconds. The NERC requirement for regulation is that the ACE must “cross” the zero target every 10 minutes. The frequent “swings” in generation are described in the MOU signed by Reclamation and Western (4): “These changes which occur many times during the hour are both positive and negative in relation to the schedule. The resulting output from Glen Canyon generators is an envelope of generation swings that are frequent, small in magnitude, the average of which approximates the original schedule.”[2] In addition to daily scheduled fluctuations for power generation, the instantaneous releases from Glen Canyon Dam may also fluctuate to provide 40 megawatts (mw) of system regulation. These instantaneous release adjustments stabilize the electrical generation and transmission system and translate to a range of about 1,200 cfs above or below the hourly scheduled release rate. Under system normal conditions, fluctuations for regulation are typically short lived and generally balance out over the hour with minimal or no noticeable impacts on downstream river flow conditions. Releases from Glen Canyon Dam can also fluctuate beyond scheduled releases when called upon to respond to unscheduled power outages or power system emergencies. Depending on the severity of the system emergency, the response from Glen Canyon Dam can be significant, within the full range of the operating capacity of the power plant for as long as is necessary to maintain balance in the transmission system. Glen Canyon Dam typically maintains 30 mw (approximately 880 cfs) of generation capacity in reserve in order to respond to a system emergency even when generation rates are already high. System emergencies occur fairly infrequently and typically require small responses from Glen Canyon Dam. However, these responses can have a noticeable impact on the river downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. [3]

Links and Information
The Basin Fund GTMax Page Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Colorado River Energy Distribution Association (CREDA) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Power Office SocioEconomic Ad Hoc Group (SEAHG) page
WAPA Annual Reports
FY16 Annual Report FY16 Statistical Appendix FY15 Annual Report FY15 Statistical Appendix FY15 Results of Operations FY14 Annual Report FY13 Annual Report FY12 Annual Report
Presentations and Papers
2023 Impacts to Hydropower Customers and the Basin Fund from Conducting Experiments Glen Canyon Hydropower Production and Value 2022 Effects of Frequent Use of Bypass at Glen Canyon Dam on Electrical Generation and Transmission Update on Project N Activities Including a Discussion of Hydropower Improvement Flows 2021 Colorado River Storage Project Market Activity and UC Basin Fund Updates Glen Canyon Hydropower Production & Value: Status & Trends, 2020 2020 GCMRC 2019 Annual Reporting Meeting Overview – Part 3 Colorado River Storage Project Funding Update Glen Canyon Dam Overview Identifying the total economic value of hydropower at Glen Canyon Dam and implications for adaptive management 2019 Colorado River Energy Distributors Association (CREDA) Glen Canyon Dam Hydropower Production and Value Status & Trends, 2019 2018 The Future of the Colorado River Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) PPT Glen Canyon Dam Hydropower Production and Value, Status and Trends 2018 PPT 2017 Status and Trends of Hydropower and Energy PPT 2016 Basin Fund and Revenue Overview 2015 CRSP Rates, Revenue, and Basin Fund Overview 2013 Overview of the Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) Management Center for Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Capacity and Energy Handout Question & Answer Transcript High Flow Experiments: Financial and Operational Effects on CRSP and the Electric Power System Final Products of the 2011 Hydropower Knowledge Assessment and GTMax Model Review Workshop Dated January 4, 2012 2010 Electrical Power System Economics 2009 CREDA brief on “the generation of hydroelectric power, as an incident of the foregoing purposes.” Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Renewable Electrical Generation Technologies Compared to the WECC Baseline Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill, 2010 language (note last paragraph on GCD Adaptive Management Program) Letter from various U.S. senators, to Daniel Inouye, Byron Dorgan, etc., Subj: Concerns on Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill, H.R. 3183
Adding Generation to the Bypass Tubes
Generation at Outlet Glen Canyon Dam Plan of Study CRSP Power Peaking Capacity (March 1981)
What does it mean that "generation of hydroelectric power is an incident of the foregoing purposes" in the 1956 CRSP Act (43 U.S.C. § 620)?
In GRAND CANYON TRUST vs U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, Grand Canyon Trust asserted that “[h]ydropower is an incidental benefit of every other stated purpose of the dam,” citing 43 U.S.C. § 620. Pl. Reply at p. 39. This is not a correct statement of the law. The relevant portion of 43 U.S.C. § 620 provides “for the generation of hydroelectric power, as an incident of the foregoing purposes.” Congress did not provide that hydropower is “incidental to” or “an incidental benefit of” the Colorado River Storage Project. Hydropower is an “incident of” the other Congressionally defined purposes. Used in this manner and in this context, the word “incident” means “related to,” or “resulting from,” and does not mean that hydropower resources are an “incidental” or minor authorized purpose of the Colorado River Storage Project. [1]
Ramp rates and beach stability
Alvarez and Schmeeckle (2013) that found that the erosion of sandbars (the primary reason we have ramp rate restrictions at Glen) are not affected by ramp rates themselves. They found that erosion of sandbars is primarily caused by the higher velocity flows that washes the toe of the sandbar away which then causes the rest of the sandbar to slough off and fall into the river (i.e. mass failure). Having flows come up or go down more quickly than they do now will not increase this rate of erosion aside from the fact that the faster you can come up and go down allows you more time on peak at those higher velocity flows, which was identified as the causal factor of sandbar erosion.
Other Stuff
Under Pressure: Dams make less electricity in drought Wave attenuation of hydropower releases at Glen Canyon Dam CREDA Fact Sheet on Hydropower and Glen Canyon Dam Capacity & Energy handout Explanation on Why Capacity is Important Importance of Hydropower Capacity Video: What is Black Start? Video: How does a Transformer work?

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 |-
 |style="color:#000;"|
+[[File:BasinFund.PNG|center|thumb|600px|http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/2/23/Jeka_PPT_Western_CRPS_Aug_2013_AMWG.pdf]]
 [[File:CRSPprofile.jpg|center|thumb|600px|http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/2/23/Jeka_PPT_Western_CRPS_Aug_2013_AMWG.pdf]]
 |-
-! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> What is the Basin Fund? </h2>
+! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> How does operations at Glen Canyon Dam fit into operations with other CRSP hydropower units? </h2>
 |-
 |style="color:#000;"|
-The Upper Colorado River Basin Fund (Basin Fund) was established under Section 5 of the CRSP Act. The CRSP Act 'authorized a separate fund in the Treasury of the United States to be known as the Upper Colorado River Basin Fund... for carrying out provisions of this Act other than Section 8'. Money appropriated for construction of CRSP facilities, except recreation and fish and wildlife facilities constructed under Section 8, is transferred to the Basin Fund from the General Fund of the Treasury. Revenues derived from operation of the CRSP and participating projects are deposited in the Basin Fund. Most of the revenues come from sales of hydroelectric power and transmission services. The Basin Fund also receives revenues from M&I water service sales, rents, salinity funds from the Lower Colorado Basin (as a pass-through for the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program), and miscellaneous revenues collected in connection with the operation of the CRSP and participating projects. Revenues and appropriated funds are accounted for separately in the Basin Fund.
+[[File:CRSP generation v demand.JPG|center|thumb|600px|https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-01-25-twg-meeting/AR04.pdf]]
-Basin Fund revenues must first be used to repay costs associated with the operation, maintenance, and replacements of, and emergency expenditures for, the CRSP initial units. The fund is then used to repay the United States Treasury Department for the following:
+|-
+! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> What is Regulation and how does Glen Canyon Dam provide it? </h2>
+|-
+|style="color:#000;"|
-*The construction costs of the CRSP initial units allocated to the power purpose (with interest thereon)
+As a control area operator, Western “regulates” the transmission system within a prescribed geographic area. Western is required to react to moment-by-moment changes in electrical demand within this area. Regulation means that “automatic generation control” will be used to adjust the power output of electric generators within a prescribed area in response to changes in the system frequency, time error, and tie-line loading, to maintain the scheduled level of generation in accordance with prescribed NERC criteria. The “record” used to calculate the degree to which Western is responding to these change on the transmission system is called the “ACE” - Area Control Error.
-*The construction costs of the CRSP initial units allocated to irrigation
-*A portion of salinity investment and operation costs
-*The construction costs of the participating projects allocated to the irrigation investment and above the irrigator's ability to pay
-The Basin Fund also supports the following:
+Hydro facilities such as Glen Canyon have an inherent design that allows them to respond rapidly to changes in power system demands. Other control area operators, across the nation, that do not have hydropower plants must either build small units (natural gas or oil-fired being the most likely) or add this capability to the design of larger units.
-*Cost sharing for Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program (approximately $2.0 million annually)
+The transmission system that Western distributes power through is dynamic. Load requirements are constantly changing as a result of either the demands of the customers connected to it or changes that occur in other interconnected power systems. Western maintains the ACE signal to record its response to the fluctuations in system “loading”; (an effort to maintain a balance between power being consumed and power being generated - described above). If more demand is placed on the transmission system than is being generated, the resulting ACE is negative. Generators automatically respond to this condition by increasing generation. If demand is less than generation, ACE is positive. Generators automatically respond to this condition by reducing generation. The targeted ACE is zero.
-*The major portion of the cost of the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program (currently almost $9.5 million annually)
-*Cost sharing for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish Recovery Implementation Programs (currently approximately $7 million annually)
-*Water quality studies
-*Consumptive use studies
-The approximately $16.5 million per year of power revenues expended for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program, the Upper Colorado River Recovery Implementation Program, and the San Juan Basin Recovery Program are expenses that are not built into the firm power rates. This arrangement benefits the programs in that they do not need to seek annual appropriations from Congress for these funds. However, this does have an impact to Western in times when firming power purchase expenses are high (due to drought or experimentation) because the moneys are transferred to the program and are not available to purchase the power needed to meet contractual requirements. The Basin Fund is managed by Western. Approximately $120 million in revenue is needed each year to fund Reclamation and Western operation and maintenance needs. Western is responsible for transmission and marketing of CRSP power, collecting payment for the power, and transfer of revenues for repayment to the United States Treasury Department. A change in the amount of available capacity or energy could potentially affect the revenue derived from the sale of energy and the contributions to the Basin Fund, or rates charged to power customers. [https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/index.html]
+The ACE signal that is sent to Glen Canyon where it is effectively added to, or subtracted from, the existing scheduled hourly generation base point. Therefore, at any moment during the day or night, Glen Canyon might be producing more or less power than the current hourly megawatt schedule.
-== How are the costs associated with experimentation and the environmental programs paid for? ==
+The ACE signal is transmitted to Glen Canyon Dam every four seconds. The NERC requirement for regulation is that the ACE must “cross” the zero target every 10 minutes. The frequent “swings” in generation are described in the MOU signed by Reclamation and Western (4):
-*Costs incurred during experimentation, like funding dedicated to environmental programs, are booked as a non-reimbursable activity.
-*This means they can be booked as a constructive return (i.e. in lieu of an actual cash return) to the U.S. Treasury as a payment against the loan that was taken out to construct the CRPS units.
-*The amount WAPA returns to the Treasury for the construction of the CRSP units is finite and scheduled.
-*As the amount WAPA needs to return to the Treasury gets smaller, the amount of interest incorporated in the return also gets smaller.
-*As these amounts gets smaller over time, it reduces the amount WAPA can claim as a non-reimbursable return.
-*Over time, this reduces the amount of funding available for non-reimbursable activities like experimentation and environmental programs.
-[[File:BasinFund.jpg|center|thumb|600px|http://gcdamp.com/images_gcdamp_com/2/23/Jeka_PPT_Western_CRPS_Aug_2013_AMWG.pdf]]
+“These changes which occur many times during the hour are both positive and negative in relation to the schedule. The resulting output from Glen Canyon generators is an envelope of generation swings that are frequent, small in magnitude, the average of which approximates the original schedule.”[https://www.wapa.gov/regions/CRSP/PlanProject/Pages/glen-canyon-operations.aspx]
-== What happens if the amount in the Basin Fund falls below the amount necessary to purchase power for firm contracts? ==
+In addition to daily scheduled fluctuations for power generation, the instantaneous releases from Glen Canyon Dam may also fluctuate to provide 40 megawatts (mw) of system regulation.  These instantaneous release adjustments stabilize the electrical generation and transmission system and translate to a range of about 1,200 cfs above or below the hourly scheduled release rate.  Under system normal conditions, fluctuations for regulation are typically short lived and generally balance out over the hour with minimal or no noticeable impacts on downstream river flow conditions.
-Some combination of the following:
-*Increase power rates through a CRC (Cost Recovery Charge)
-*Increase power revenues through a re-operation of the CRSP facilities (i.e. relax environmental restrictions)
-*Reduce BOR and WAPA O&M funding
-*Reduce allocations for firm power contracts
-*Reduce funding for non-reimbursable activities
-==How has re-operation at Glen Canyon Dam affected power revenues?==
+Releases from Glen Canyon Dam can also fluctuate beyond scheduled releases when called upon to respond to unscheduled power outages or power system emergencies.  Depending on the severity of the system emergency, the response from Glen Canyon Dam can be significant, within  the full range of the operating capacity of the power plant for as long as is necessary to maintain balance in the transmission system.  Glen Canyon Dam typically maintains 30 mw (approximately 880 cfs) of generation capacity in reserve in order to respond to a system emergency even when generation rates are already high.  System emergencies occur fairly infrequently and typically require small responses from Glen Canyon Dam.  However, these responses can have a noticeable impact on the river downstream of Glen Canyon Dam. [https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html]
-*1996 EIS and MLFF
-*2016 LTEMP EIS
-==How much does the Federal Government make off of power revenues at Glen Canyon Dam?==
-*None
-*Legislation requires full cost recovery, meaning, total revenue equals total costs. Profits are not allowed.
-*Total annual revenue and costs for the SLCA/IP is about $200 million/year [https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2016-08-24-amwg-meeting/Attach_08.pdf]
-|-
-! <h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"> How does operations at Glen Canyon Dam fit into operations with other CRSP hydropower units? </h2>
-|-
-|style="color:#000;"|
-[[File:CRSP generation v demand.JPG|center|thumb|600px|https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2018-01-25-twg-meeting/AR04.pdf]]
 |}
@@ Line 140: / Line 112: @@
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 |style="color:#000;"|
-*[http://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/gc/index.html U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)]
-*[https://www.wapa.gov/Pages/western.aspx Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)]
-*[http://www.creda.org/ Colorado River Energy Distribution Association (CREDA)]
-*[[GCDAMP- GTMAX| GTMax Page]]
 *[[The Basin Fund]]
+*[[GCDAMP- GTMAX| GTMax Page]]
+*[https://www.wapa.gov/Pages/western.aspx Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)]
+*[https://www.credanet.org/#/ Colorado River Energy Distribution Association (CREDA)]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/power/index.html U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Power Office]
+*[https://gcdamp.com/index.php/GCDAMP_SEAHG_Page SocioEconomic Ad Hoc Group (SEAHG) page]
 |-
@@ Line 164: / Line 137: @@
 |-
 |style="color:#000;"|
+'''2023'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-06-15-twg-meeting/20230615-ImpactsHydropowerCustomersBasinFundConductingExperiments-508-UCRO.pdf Impacts to Hydropower Customers and the Basin Fund from Conducting Experiments]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2023-01-26-twg-meeting/20230126-AnnualReportingMeeting-GlenCanyonHydropowerProductionValue-508-UCRO.pdf Glen Canyon Hydropower Production and Value]
+'''2022'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-10-13-twg-meeting/20221013-EffectsFrequentUseBypassGlenCanyonDamElectricalGenerationTransmission-508-UCRO.pdf Effects of Frequent Use of Bypass at Glen Canyon Dam on Electrical Generation and Transmission ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2022-10-13-twg-meeting/20221013-UpdateProjectNActivitiesIncludingDiscussionHydropowerImprovementFlows--508-UCRO.pdf Update on Project N Activities Including a Discussion of Hydropower Improvement Flows ]
+'''2021'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2021-02-11-amwg-meeting/20210211-ColoradoRiverStorageProjectMarketActivityUCBasinFundUpdates-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Storage Project Market Activity and UC Basin Fund Updates ]
+*[[Media:AR_01-14-21.pdf| Glen Canyon Hydropower Production & Value: Status & Trends, 2020]]
+'''2020'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2020-02-12-amwg-meeting/20200212-GCMRCScienceUpdatesPart3-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf GCMRC 2019 Annual Reporting Meeting Overview – Part 3 ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2020-02-12-amwg-meeting/20200212-ColoradoRiverStorageProjectFundingUpdate-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Storage Project Funding Update ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2020-02-12-amwg-meeting/20200212-GlenCanyonOverview-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Glen Canyon Dam Overview ]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2020-01-13-twg-meeting/20200113-AnnualReportingMeeting-IdentifyingTotalEconomicValueHydropowerGlenCanyonDam-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Identifying the total economic value of hydropower at Glen Canyon Dam and implications for adaptive management ]
+'''2019'''
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/amwg/2019-03-06-amwg-meeting/20190306-ColoradoRiverEnergyDistributorsAssociation-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Colorado River Energy Distributors Association (CREDA)]
+*[https://www.usbr.gov/uc/progact/amp/twg/2019-03-14-twg-meeting/20190314-GlenCanyonDamHydropowerProductionValueStatusTrends2019-Presentation-508-UCRO.pdf Glen Canyon Dam Hydropower Production and Value Status & Trends, 2019 ]
 '''2018'''

Difference between revisions of "HYDROPOWER"

Latest revision as of 11:32, 11 April 2024

The Hydropower Resource

LTEMP Resource Goal for the Hydropower Resource

Desired Future Condition for the Hydropower Resource

Updates

How does operations at Glen Canyon Dam fit into operations with other CRSP hydropower units?

What is Regulation and how does Glen Canyon Dam provide it?

Links and Information

WAPA Annual Reports

Presentations and Papers

Adding Generation to the Bypass Tubes

What does it mean that "generation of hydroelectric power is an incident of the foregoing purposes" in the 1956 CRSP Act (43 U.S.C. § 620)?

Ramp rates and beach stability

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